Why It Matters That Teens Are Reading Less

A) Most of us spend much more time with digital media than we did a decade ago. But today’s teens have grown up with smartphones. Compared with teens a couple of decades ago, the way they interact with traditional media like books and movies is fundamentally different.

B) Analysis of surveys of over one million teens in the United States collected since 1976 reveals a major shift in how teens are spending their leisure time. Paper books are being ignored, in favor of screens. Digital devices are changing other behaviors, too. More and more, young people choose spending time on their electronic devices over engaging in other activities, regardless of the type. Indeed, by 2016, the average American high school senior said they spent six hours a day writing text messages, on social media, and online during their free time. And that covers just three activities, and if other digital media activities were included, that estimate would no doubt rise.

C) Teens did not always spend that much time with digital media. Online time has doubled since 2006, and social media use has moved from a periodic activity to a daily one in the same period. By 2016, nearly nine out of ten young women in the 12th grade said they visited social media sites every day. Meanwhile, time spent playing video games rose from under an hour a day to an hour and a half on average. One out of ten American 8th grade students in 2016 spent 40 hours a week or more playing video games. Let me emphasize that this is equal to the time most adults spend per week at work.

D) If teens are spending so much time using electronic devices, does that mean they have to give up some other activities? Maybe not. Over the years, many scholars have insisted that time online does not necessarily take away time spent engaging with traditional media or on other activities. Some people, they argue, are just more interested in certain kinds of media and entertainment. Thus, using more of one type of media does not necessarily mean less of the other.

E) That may be true, but that still does not tell us much about what happens across a whole generation of people when time spent on digital media grows. Large surveys conducted over the course of many years tell us that American youth are not going to the cinema nearly as often as they did in the past. While 70 percent of 8th and 10th grade students used to go to the movies once a month or more, now only about half do this. More and more, watching a movie is something teens choose to do on their electronic devices. Why is this a problem? One reason is that going to the cinema is generally a social activity. Now, watching movies is something that most teens do alone. This fits a larger pattern. In another analysis, researchers found that today’s teens go out with their friends much less often than previous generations did.

F) But the trends related to movies are less disturbing compared with the change in how teens spend their time. Research has revealed an enormous decline in reading. In 1980, about 60 percent of senior high school students said they read a book, newspaper or magazine every day that was not assigned for school. By 2016, only 16 percent did. This is a huge drop and it is important to note that this was not merely a decline in reading paper books, newspapers or magazines. The survey allowed for reading materials on a digital device.

G) Indeed, the number of senior high school students who said they had not read any books for pleasure in the last year was one out of three by 2016. That is triple the number from two decades ago. For today’s youth, books, newspapers and magazines have less and less of a presence in their daily lives. Of course, teens are still reading. But they are generally reading short texts. Most of them are not reading long articles or books that explore deep themes and require critical thinking and reflection. Perhaps not accidentally, in 2016 reading scores were the lowest they have ever been since 1972.

H) This might present problems for young people later on. When high school students go on to college, their past and current reading habits will influence their academic performance. Imagine going from reading texts as short as one or two sentences to trying to read entire books written in complex language and containing sophisticated ideas. Reading and comprehending longer books and chapters takes practice, and American teens are no longer getting that practice.

I) So how can this problem be solved? Should parents and teachers take away teens’ smartphones and replace them with paper books? Probably not. Research has shown that smartphones are currently American teens’ main form of social communication. This means that, without a smartphone, teens are likely to feel isolated from their peers. However, that does not mean teens need to use electronic devices as often as they do now. Data connecting excessive digital media time to mental health issues suggests a limit of two hours a day of free time spent with screens, a restriction that will also allow time for other activities—like going to the movies with friends or reading longer, more complicated texts.

J) The latter is especially important. I would argue that of all the changes brought about by the widespread use of digital devices, the huge decline in reading is likely to have the biggest negative impact on today’s teens because reading books and longer articles is one of the best ways to learn critical thinking. It helps people to understand complex issues and to separate fact from fiction. Thus, deep reading is crucial for being a good citizen, a successful college student and a productive employee. If serious reading dies, a lot will go with it.

请输入大写字母。

   1   Many years’ surveys reveal that young people in America are going to the cinema much less often than they used to.

   2   Survey analysis shows American teens now spend their leisure time on digital devices rather than reading printed books.

   3   The number of senior high schoolers not reading books for pleasure in a year increased three times over 20 years.

   4   Many scholars claim that spending time on electronic devices doesn’t necessarily mean a decrease of time for other activities.

   5   Most people spend much more time interacting with digital media than they did ten years ago.

   6   The author claims that it will be a great loss if we no longer read books and longer articles.

   7   Over a decade or so, American teens’ social media use shifted from an occasional activity to a routine one.

   8   A more disturbing trend in America today is that teens are spending far less time reading than around four decades ago.

   9   Some five years ago, high school seniors in America generally spent more than six hours a day on electronic devices.

   10   It was found that American youngsters today don’t socialize nearly as much as the earlier generations.

36. 多年的调查显示，美国年轻人看电影的频率远低于过去。

解析：E。由going to the cinema much less often可定位至E段第2句：多年来进行的大量调查表明，美国年轻人不像过去那样经常去看电影了。题干中的Many year’s surveys对应原文中的Large surveys conducted over the course of many years和going to the cinema much less often是原文中not going to the cinema nearly as often as they did in the past的同义表达，故E为正确答案。

37. 调查分析显示，如今美国青少年把他们的休闲时间花在电子设备上，而不是阅读纸质书。

解析：B。由spend their leisure time on digital devices rather than reading printed可定位至B段第1-2句：对自1976年以来收集的美国一百多万名青少年的调查分析表明，青少年度过闲暇时光的方式发生了重大变化。纸质书无人问津，取而代之的是屏幕。题干中的spend their leisure time为原词复现，digital devices是screens的同义替换，printed是Paper books的同义表达，故B为正确答案。

38. 一年没有读课外书的高三学生在20年间增加了两倍。

解析：G。由senior high schoolers和three times over 20 years可定位至G段第1-2句：事实上，到2016年，三分之一的高三学生表示他们在过去的一年里没有为了消遣而阅读任何书籍。这一数字是20年前的三倍。题干中的senior high schoolers对应原文中的senior high school students，three times over 20 years对应原文中的triple the number from two decades ago，故G为正确答案。

39. 许多学者声称，在电子设备上花时间并不一定意味着减少其他活动的时间。

解析：D。由scholars和decrease of time for other activities可定位至D段第3句：多年来，许多学者坚持认为，上网时间并不一定会占用花在传统媒体或其他活动上的时间。scholars为原词复现，题干中的doesn’t necessarily mean a decrease of time 对应原文中的does not necessarily take away time，故D为正确答案。

40. 与十年前相比，大多数人花在与数字媒体互动上的时间要多得多。

解析：A。由much more time interacting with digital media和ten years ago可定位至A段第1句：我们大多数人花在数字媒体上的时间比十年前多得多。题干中的much more time with digital media为原词复现，ten years ago是原文中a decade ago的同义替换，故A为正确答案。

41. 作者声称，如果我们不再阅读书籍和长篇文章，这将是一个巨大的损失。

解析：J。由a great loss和read books and longer articles可定位至J段最后1句：如果严肃的阅读消亡了，很多东西也会随之消失。题干中的a great loss对应原文中的a lot will go with it，故J为正确答案。

42. 在十年左右的时间里，美国青少年的社交媒体使用从偶尔活动变成了日常活动。

解析：C。由a decade or so和shifted from an occasional activity to a routine one可定位至C段第2句：自2006年以来，上网时间翻了一番，同时，社交媒体的使用也从定期活动变成了日常活动。题干中的shifted from是原文中moved from的同义替换，an occasional activity to a routine one对应原文中a periodic activity to a daily one，故C为正确答案。

43. 当今美国一个更令人不安的趋势是，青少年花在阅读上的时间比40年前要少得多。

解析：F。由disturbing trend、teens are spending far less time reading和four decades可定位至F段。该段提到青少年分配时间的变化更令人担忧，随后接着指出青少年的阅读量飞速下降，每天阅读课外书的青少年从1980年的60%下降到了2016年的16%。本题是对F段内容的概述。

44. 大约五年前，美国高三学生每天花在电子设备上的时间一般会超过六小时。

解析：B。由five years ago和spent more than six hours a day可定位至B段最后两句：截至2016年，美国高中毕业班学生表示，他们平均每天花6个小时的空闲时间发短信、使用社交媒体和上网。而这仅仅涵盖了三种活动，如果将其他数字媒体活动也包括在内的话，这一估计时长必然会上升。故B为正确答案。

45. 研究发现，如今的美国年轻人不像前几代人那样热衷于社交活动。

解析：E。由don’t socialize nearly as much as the earlier generations可定位至E段最后1句：研究人员发现，如今的青少年与朋友外出的频率比前几代人要低得多。题干中的socialize对应原文中的go out with friends，故E为正确答案。

How to Not Be Boring

A) Humans are creatures of habit. We love to establish a routine and stick with it. Then we often put ourselves on auto-pilot. Routines can be incredibly useful in helping you get things done. However, too much of a routine can also make you incredibly boring. Nevertheless, many people live lives that are boringly predictable, or live a life where everything is outlined or planned.

B) To tell the truth, interesting people are more popular among their friends. If you don’t arouse someone’s curiosity or brighten someone’s day, you probably come across as being a little bit dull. But that doesn’t mean your life has ended and you can’t do anything to change it. If you find yourself searching for something to say beyond small talk, try these tactics to find more interesting approaches to conversation.

C) Recently, I was at a gathering of colleagues when someone turned to me and asked, “So, what’s new with you?” Ordinarily, I think I’m a good conversationalist. After all, it’s literally my job to talk to people and tell their stories or share their advice. And that’s not exactly an unexpected question. Still, the only “new-to-me” topics that came to mind were my daughter’s basketball tournament (锦标赛) and my feelings about that morning’s political headlines—neither amusing nor appropriate topics at that moment.

D) Oh, no, I thought. Have I become boring? But sharing our experiences in an authentic way to connect with other people is what makes us interesting, says associate professor Michael Pirson. The hesitation I felt in not sharing the ordinary things that were happening in my life, and the wild mental search for something more interesting, may have backfired and made me seem less interesting.

E) “If someone is making up some conversation that might be interesting, it’s probably not going to land well,” says Pirson, whose expertise includes trust and well-being, mindfulness, and humanistic management. “It’s going to feel like a made-up conversation that people don’t necessarily want to tune in to.”

F) The most interesting people aren’t those who’ve gone on some Eat, Pray, Love journey to find themselves. Instead, Pirson says, they’re those who examine the ordinary. “Often, the ‘boring things’ may not be boring at all. Maybe they are actually little miracles,” he says. Share your observations about the world around you—interesting stories you heard or things you noticed—and you may be surprised by the universal connection they inspire.

G) This is essentially how Jessica Hagy starts her day. The author of How to Be Interesting: An Instruction Manual, Hagy spends a lot of time thinking about what’s interesting to her. People who are interesting are persistently curious, she says.

H) Think about the everyday things around you and ask questions about them. What is that roadside monument I see on my way to work every day? Who built that interesting building in my city? What nearby attractions haven’t I visited? Why do people do things that way? Use what you find to ask more questions and learn more about the world around you. “Having that sort of curiosity is almost like a protective gear from getting into boredom,” she says. And when you find things that are truly interesting to you, share them.

I) Television veteran Audrey Morrissey, executive producer of NBC’s The Voice, is always looking for what will make a person or story interesting to viewers: it’s usually a matter of individuality. “Having a strong point of view, signature style, or being a super-enthusiast in a particular field makes someone interesting,” she says. That means embracing what is truly interesting or unique about yourself. “Many people are ‘not boring’ in the way that they can carry a conversation or can be good at a social gathering, etc. To be interesting means that you have lived life, taken risks, traveled, sought out experience to learn for yourself and share with others,” she says.

J) Of course, it’s possible to be a fountain of knowledge and a boring person, says public relations consultant Andrea Pass. Paying attention to the listener is an important part of having a conversation that’s interesting to both parties. Talking on and on about what’s interesting to you isn’t going to make you an interesting person, she says.

K) “If the listener is not paying attention, it’s your sign to shorten the story or change direction. Make sure to bring the audience into the conversation so that it is not one-sided,” Pass says. Be a better listener yourself, and give others opportunities to participate in the conversation by inviting them with questions or requests to share their own experiences or thoughts. (e.g., “Now, tell me about your favorite book,” or “Have you ever been to that attraction?”) Questions are a powerful tool, especially when they encourage others to disclose information about themselves. A 2012 study from the University of California, Santa Barbara, found that roughly 40% of the time we are talking, we’re disclosing subjective information about our experience. And when we’re doing so, our brains are more engaged. So one strategy to leave others with the impression that you’re a sparkling conversation partner is to get others to talk about themselves.

L) Being relatable is also essential, Morrissey says, “The best entertainment and storytelling comes from people who are relatable—those who don’t shy away from opening up but freely share who they are and what they care about. These are the people viewers most relate to and find interesting. Being authentic, honest, and vulnerable is always interesting.”

M) I have now come to realize that being boring, in actuality, is not only about who you are as a person, but also how you present yourself. No matter what, make sure you are having fun in life. Because when you are enjoying, people around you will begin to enjoy as well. Show some interest in them and they will definitely show some in you. If you are a very reserved person, this could be a little difficult at first. But with a little effort, you can definitely improve.

请填入大写字母。

   1   Pirson claims that some ordinary things may often prove to be miraculously interesting.

   2   To make a conversation interesting, it is important that you listen to the other party attentively.

   3   A person who is unable to stimulate others’ curiosity or make their life enjoyable may appear somewhat boring.

   4   Interesting people usually possess certain unique qualities, according to a TV program producer.

   5   Be interested in others and they are sure to be interested in you.

   6   The author considers himself usually good at conducting conversations.

   7   Interesting people are always full of curiosity.

   8   Falling into a routine can turn a person into an utter bore.

   9   One strategy to be a good conversationalist is to motivate your partner to tell their own stories.

   10  Interesting as it might appear, a made-up conversation will probably turn out to be dull.

36. 皮尔森称，一些寻常的事情往往才妙趣横生。

解析：F。由题干中的Pirson、ordinary things和miraculously interesting可定位至F段。本段第3-4句说到，通常，‘无聊的事情’可能一点也不无聊。也许它们实际上是小小的奇迹。题干中的ordinary things对应F段第2句的the ordinary，miraculously interesting是actually little miracles的同义替换，故F为正确答案。

37. 为了使对话有趣，认真倾听对方至关重要。

解析：J。由题干中的conversation interesting 和listen to the other party attentively可定位至J段第2-3句：要想让谈话双方都感兴趣，关注听者是很重要的。她说，不停地谈论自己感兴趣的事情，并不会让你成为一个有趣的人。由此可知，为了使对话有趣，认真倾听对方至关重要，故J为正确答案。

38. 一个人如果不能激发别人的好奇心，或使他们的生活变得愉快，可能就会显得有些无趣。

解析：B。由题干中的unable to stimulate others’ curiosity和appear boring可定位至B段第2句：如果你不能激起别人的好奇心或给别人的生活增光添彩，那么你很可能会给人留下一种沉闷的印象。题干中的unable to stimulate others’ curiosity对应原文中的don’t arouse someone’s curiosity，appear boring对应原文中的being a little bit dull，故B为正确答案。

39. 一位电视节目制作人认为，有趣的人通常具有某些独特的品质。

解析：I。由题干中的unique qualities和a TV program producer可定位至I段第1-2句：电视界资深人士奥黛丽·莫里西是美国全国广播公司《好声音》节目的执行制片人，她总是在寻找能引起观众兴趣的人或故事：这通常是个性的问题。她说：“有强烈的观点、标志性的风格，或者对某一特定领域充满热情，这些都能让人变得有趣。”题干中的unique qualities对应原文中的Having a strong point of view, signature style, or being a super-enthusiast，故I为正确答案。

40. 你对别人感兴趣，别人肯定也会对你感兴趣。

解析：M。由题干中的Be interested in others可定位至M段第4句：你对他们表现出兴趣，他们肯定也会对你表现出同样的兴趣。题干中的are sure to是原文中definitely的同义替换，故M为正确答案。

41. 作者认为自己通常善于交谈。

解析：C。由题干中的good at conducting conversations可定位至C段第2句：我平时觉得自己还算比较健谈。题干中的good at conducting conversations是原文中good conversationalist的同义替换，故C为正确答案。

42. 有趣的人总是充满好奇心。

解析：G。由题干中的Interesting people和full of curiosity可定位至G段第3句：有趣的人总是充满好奇。题干中的Interesting people对应原文中的People who are interesting，full of curiosity对应原文中的persistently curious，故G为正确答案。

43. 墨守成规会让人变得十分无趣。

解析：A。由题干中的Falling into a routine和an utter bore可定位至A段第5句：然而，过多的惯例也会让你变成一个无聊的人。题干中的Falling into a routine对应原文中的too much of a routine，incredibly boring对应原文中的an utter bore，故A为正确答案。

44. 成为一名优秀健谈者的一个方法是调动你的谈话对象说出他们自己的故事。

解析：K。由题干中的be a good conversationalist可定位至K段最后1句：所以要让别人觉得你是一个很有趣的谈话对象，一个策略就是让别人讲讲他们自己。故K为正确答案。

45. 编造的对话可能看起来很有趣，但结果可能会变得很无聊。

解析：E。由题干中的a made-up conversation和to be dull可定位至E段第1句：如果有人正在编造一些可能很有趣的对话，结果可能不会好到哪里去。题干中的a made-up conversation对应原文中的making up some conversation，to be dull对应原文中的not going to land well，故E为正确答案。

There’s a Stress Gap Between Men and Women

A) “I used to work very hard. I love to create things, grow them and solve problems,” said Meng Li, a successful app developer in San Francisco. “I didn’t really care about my mind and my body until they decided to go on strike.”

B) Ms. Li said her stress led to sleeplessness. When she did sleep, she experienced “problem-solving dreams,” which left her feeling unrested when she woke up. “After I became a first-time mother, I quickly realized I was so busy caring for other people and work that I felt like I’d lost myself,” she said.

C) It’s a common story—one we frequently ridicule and readily dismiss, for example, by claiming that women tend to complain more than men, despite the growing sum of research that underlines the problem. Women are twice as likely to suffer from severe stress and anxiety as men, according to a 2016 study published in The Journal of Brain & Behavior. The American Psychological Association reports a gender gap year after year showing that women consistently report higher stress levels. Clearly, a stress gap exists.

D) “The difference is not really news to me, as a clinical psychologist,” said Erin Joyce, a woman and couples therapist in Los Angeles. “It’s been well documented in extensive research over the years that prevalence rates for the majority of the anxiety disorders are higher in women than men.” Some people may argue that this is merely reported data, and they say many men feel the same pressures as women in terms of fulfilling responsibilities at work and home. In other words, we’re all really, really stressed.

E) “The difference, however, is in the nature and scope of these responsibilities in the home environment in particular,” Dr. Joyce said. For example, the United Nations reported that women do nearly three times as much unpaid domestic work as men. The problem is, housework is often overlooked as work, even though it is often as laborious (or in some cases, more so) as any paid job. As the scholar Silvia Federici put it in 1975, the unpaid nature of domestic work reinforces the assumption that “housework is not work, thus preventing women from struggling against it.”

F) It’s not just inside the home, though. Research from Nova Southeastern University found that female managers were more likely than male managers to display “surface acting,” or forcing emotions that are not wholly felt. “They expressed optimism, calmness and empathy even when these were not the emotions that they were actually feeling,” the study said.

G) Surface acting is a prime example of “emotional labor,” a concept that the writer Jess Zimmerman made familiar in a 2015 essay. The essay sparked a massive thread on the internet community blog MetaFilter. Hundreds of women spoke up about their own experience with emotional labor: the duties that are expected of them, but go unnoticed. These invisible duties become apparent only when you don’t do them. Like domestic labor, emotional labor is generally dismissed and not labeled work. But research shows it can be just as exhausting as paid work. Emotional labor can lead to difficulty in sleeping and family conflict. Sure, circumstantial stress, like losing a job, may lead to these same issues. But emotional labor is not circumstantial. It’s an enduring responsibility based on the socialized gender role of women.

H) Like Ms. Li, many women try to manage the added stress to reach what Dr. Joyce said was an unattainable ideal. “Some professional women aim to do it all. They want to reach the top of the corporate ladder and fly like supermom,” she said. When women don’t reach this ideal, they feel guilty; and even more stressed. After her own struggle with this, Ms. Li took a step back and used her experience to build Sanity & Self, a self-care app and platform for overworked women. “The realizations I had in that process helped me gain insights and ultimately got me ready to integrate self-care into my daily life,” she said.

I) The stress problem extends beyond mental health when you consider the link between stress, anxiety and heart health. Worse, most of what we know about heart disease comes from studies involving men. However, “there are many reasons to think that it’s different in women,” Harvard Medical School reported. For example, women are more likely to experience disturbed sleep, anxiety and unusual fatigue before a heart attack. Stress is so normalized that it is easy for women to shrug off those symptoms as simply the consequences of stress. Many women also do not experience chest pain before a heart attack the way men do, which leads to fewer women discovering problematic heart issues. Harvard reports that women are “much more likely than men to die within a year of having a heart attack” and “many women say their physicians sometimes don’t even recognize the symptoms.”

J) The good news is, women are more likely than men to take charge of their stress and manage it, the American Psychological Association reports. The concept of self-care, at its core, is quite simple. “The basics of adequate sleep, healthy diet and exercise are a good place to start,” Dr. Joyce said. “Support from trusted relationships is vital. This includes professional support from various health and wellness providers if stress is becoming increasingly overwhelming.”

K) Disconnecting from work and home responsibilities is also obviously important. But it’s much easier said than done. It is important to understand what causes your stress in the first place. “Get really specific with what’s stressing you out,” Ms. Li said. “We often chalk up our stress to broad experiences like work. But work stress can take many different forms. Is a colleague being disrespectful of your time? Is a boss undermining your day-to-day control over decision making? These are different causes of stress and can benefit from different kinds of self-care.”

L) Ideally, your spouse of partner will be supportive, rather than dismissive, of your stress. It is important to talk through these issues before they come to a head. “Women working outside of the home should make an effort to have a conscious conversation with their partners about more equitable sharing of household and family responsibilities,” Dr. Joyce said.

请填入大写字母。

   1    Some career women who aim high tend to feel guilty if they fail to achieve their goals.

   2    The unpaid housework done by women is triple that done by men.

   3    It is reported that women consistently suffer more from severe stress than men.

   4    Women are advised to identify the specific causes of their stress so that steps can be taken to deal with it.

   5    One study showed that women managers often expressed positive emotions that they didn’t really feel.

   6    Women tend to mistake signs of heart attacks for symptoms of stress.

   7    For a time an app developer in America was so busy attending to work and family that she suffered from sleeplessness.

   8    The emotional labor women do is noticed only when it is not done.

   9    Dr. Joyce suggests that apart from self-care, women should seek professional support if they experience severe stress.

   10   Some people believe that there may not exist a stress gap between men and women.

答案：

36. 一些有远大目标的职业女性在未能实现目标时往往会感到内疚。

解析：H。由career woman、aim high和feel guilty if they fail可定位至H段第2-4句：一些职业女性试图让自己做到一切。她们既希望登上公司的最高层，又想像超级妈妈一样飞翔。当女性达不到这个理想时，她们就会感到内疚，甚至压力更大。题干中的career woman对应原文中的professional women，aim high对应aim to do it all，feel guilty if they fail是don’t reach this ideal, they feel guilty的同义表述。故H为正确答案。

37. 女性做的无偿家务劳动是男性的三倍。

解析：E。由unpaid housework和triple可定位至E段第2句：联合国报告称，女性所做的无偿家务几乎是男性的三倍。题干中unpaid housework对应原文中的unpaid domestic work，triple是three times as much…as的同义表述。故E为正确答案。

38. 据报道，女性遭受的严重精神压力一直都比男性多。

解析：C。由women…suffer more from server stress可定位至C段第2-3句：根据2016年发表在《大脑与行为》杂志上的一项研究，女性遭受严重压力和焦虑的可能性是男性的两倍。美国心理学协会的报告显示，年复一年的性别差距表明，女性的压力水平一直较高（相比男性）。题干中的consistently为原词复现，suffer more from对应原文中的are twice as likely to suffer from。故C为正确答案。

39. 建议女性找出造成其压力的具体原因，以便采取措施加以解决。

解析：K。由specific causes可定位至K段。本段第3-4句提到，首先要明白是什么导致了你的压力，这是关键的一步。要很明确是什么让你感到有压力。最后一句指出，这些都是产生压力的不同原因，可以通过不同类型的自我护理来改善。故本题是K段内容的概述。

40. 一项研究表明，女性经理经常会表露出她们并没有真正感受到的积极情绪。

解析：F。由women managers和positive emotions可定位至F段第3句：她们会表现出乐观、冷静、同情等情绪，即使这些情绪并不是她们实际感受到的。They指代的即是前一句中的female managers，positive emotions是对原文中optimism, calmness and empathy的同义概括。故F为正确答案。

41. 女性往往把心脏病发作的迹象误认为是压力的症状。

解析：I。由mistake、heart attacks和symptoms of stress可定位至I段第5句：压力是如此的常态化，以至于女性很容易把这些症状简单地当作是压力的影响而不予理会。题干中的mistake…for对应原文中的shrug off…as，原文中的symptoms指前一句提到的heart attack，故I为正确答案。

42. 一段时间内，美国的一名应用程序开发人员太过忙于工作和家庭，以至于失眠。

解析：B。由an app developer和sleeplessness可定位至B段第1句：李女士说，她的压力引发了失眠。前文A段提到李女士是一位成功的应用程序开发者。app developer和sleeplessness都在原文中复现，故B为正确答案。

43. 女性从事的情绪劳动只有在没有做的时候才会被注意到。

解析：G。由emotional labor可定位指G段。本段第4句提到，那些看不见的职责只有在你不去完成的时候才会显露出来。原文中提到的invisible duties指的就是题目中的emotional labor，is noticed only when it is not done对应become apparent only when you don’t do them。故G为正确答案。

44. 乔伊斯医生建议，女性在面临严重压力时，除了自我护理外，还应该寻求专业支持。

解析：J。由Dr. Joyce和seek professional support可定位至J段。本段第2-3句提到乔伊斯医生建议女性要学会自我护理。随后在第4-5句中说明，同时寻求专业的支持也是至关重要的。本题是对J段内容的整体概述，故J为正确答案。

45. 有些人认为，男女之间可能不存在压力差距。

解析：D。D段第3句说到，有些人可能会说，这仅仅是报告的数据而已，而且他们还会认为，在履行工作和家庭责任方面，许多男性都会和女性感到同样的压力。也就是说，这些人认为男女之间的压力是一样的，不会存在差距。not exist a stress gap between men and women对应原文中men feel the same pressure as women… at work and home，故D为正确答案。

The Origins of Theatre

A) In seeking to describe the origins of theatre, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, envisions theatre as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.

B) Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theatre as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

C) Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theatre came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, a battle, or other feats) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.

D) A closely related theory sees theatre as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.

E) In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theatre, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theatre. Why did theatre develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century BC, sees humans as naturally imitative — as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theatre, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

F) But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theatre. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theatre is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

G) Theatre is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of design and stagecraft are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the experience. The specific place of the performance is also named by the word “theatre” as derived from the Ancient Greek word “théatron”, “a place for viewing”, itself from “theáomai”, “to see”, “to watch”, “to observe”.

H) Modern Western theatre derives in large measure from ancient Greek drama, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into genres, and many of its themes, stock characters, and plot elements. Theatre scholar Patrice Pavis defines theatricality, theatrical language, stage writing, and the specificity of theatre as synonymous expressions that differentiate theatre from the other performing arts, literature, and the arts in general.

I) Theatre today includes performances of plays and musicals. Although it can be defined broadly to include opera and ballet, those art forms are outside the scope of this article. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans. The Roman historian Livy wrote that the Romans first experienced theatre in the 4th century BCE, with a performance by Etruscan actors. The theatre of ancient Rome was a thriving and diverse art form, ranging from festival performances of street theatre, nude dancing, and acrobatics, to the staging of Plautus’s broadly appealing situation comedies, to the high-style, verbally elaborate tragedies of Seneca.

请输入大写字母。

   1    Because we can not find a lot of concrete evidence, one mus trely mainly on thinking, in order to find the origins of theater.

   2   Since there has been a long period from the beginning of theatre, which today includes performances of plays and musicals.

   3    In the old time, there were a lot of rituals from which the myths may then grow up and develop.

   4    Technical terminology, classification into genres, and themes, stock characters, and plot elements are the bases on which the modern western theatre is built.

   5    Since there are different groups of idea, the origin in ritual is by no means the only theory about how the theatre came into being.

   6   According to the Ancient Greek, the word “theatre” means a place for viewing, a place to watch the program.

   7    Motivation for elaborating the activities is admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace.

   8    The theatre includes not only the human imitative instinct but also a penchant for fantasy to become self-sufficient.

   9    According to Aristotle, all human beings share the same imitative instinct, which is taking pleasure in imitating persons.

   10    Some rites are abandoned by people in the early society because the members don’t think the rites have a close relationship with their expectation.

36. A）同义替换题。由题干中的concrete evidence，find the origins of Theatre，定位到A段第一句In seeking to describe the origins of Theatre, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. 都表达了“必须主要依靠思考，才能找到戏剧的起源”的含义，其中primarily和mainly，speculation和thinking，seek和find都属于同义替换。

37. I）原文匹配题。由题干中的performances of plays and musicals，定位到I段的第一句Theatre today includes performances of plays and musicals. 都表达了“现代的戏剧包括戏剧和音乐剧的表演”的含义，其中定语从句中的which指代的就是theatre。

38. B）原文匹配题。由题干中的rituals，myths，grow up，定位到B段的第一句Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. 都表达了“神话从这些仪式中成长和发展”的含义。

39. H）原文匹配题。由题干中的technical terminology，classification into genres，themes，stock characters，plot elements，modern western theatre，定位到H段第一句Modern Western theatre derives in large measure from ancient Greek drama, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into genres, and many of its themes, stock characters, and plot elements. 都解释了现代西方戏剧的基础元素。

40. C）原文匹配题。由题干中的origin in ritual，by no means the only theory about how the Theatre came into being，定位到C段第一句Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the Theatre came into being. 都表达了“关于戏剧是如何产生的，仪式的起源绝不是唯一的理论”的含义。

41. G）原文匹配题。由题干中的the Ancient Greek，the word “theatre”，a place for viewing，定位到G段最后一句The specific place of the performance is also named by the word‘theatre’as derived from the Ancient Greek word ‘théatron’, ‘a place for viewing’. 都表达了“‘theatre’这个词的演变”，这里需要对大写字母进行定位，同时，要区分theatre的两种含义。

42. D）原文匹配题。由题干中的admiration，the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace，motivation for elaborating the activities，定位到D段最后一句Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances. 都表达了“精心设计这些活动的动机，是对表演者的技巧、精湛技艺和优雅的赞赏”的含义，这里需要把短语放在一起当做检索词。

43. F）句式转换题。由题干中的the human imitative instinct，a penchant for fantasy，定位到F段第一句But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous Theatre. 都表达了“单独的模仿本能或是幻想偏好都无法发展成真正独立的戏剧”的含义，其中neither...nor句型转换成了not only...but also句型，且self-sufficient和itself leads to an autonomous属于同义替换。

44. E）原文匹配题。由题干中的Aristotle，taking pleasure in imitating persons，定位到E段第四句One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century BC, sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons. 都表达了“亚里士多德认为人类有一种模仿的天性，可以从模仿中感受乐趣”的含义。

45. F）同义替换题。由题干中的early society，定位到F段最后一句For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them. 都表达了“有些早期部落因为觉得仪式和所期望的福祉没有必然的联系而逐渐放弃了之前的仪式”，其中have a close relationship with their expectation和essential to their well-being属于同义替换。

Desert Formation

A) The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth’s land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth’s land surface is threatened by this process.

B) Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.

C) Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil’s ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.

D) In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.

E) There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.

F) Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: over-cultivation, over-grazing, firewood gathering, and over-irrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.

G) The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.

H) The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over-irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil. The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.

I) In geography, an oasis is an isolated area of vegetation in a desert, typically surrounding a spring or similar water source. Oases also provide habitat for animals and even humans if the area is big enough. The location of oases has been of critical importance for trade and transportation routes in desert areas. Caravans must travel via oases so that supplies of water and food can be replenished. Thus, political or military control of an oasis has in many cases meant control of trade on a particular route. For example, the oases of Awjila, Ghadames and Kufra, situated in modern-day Libya, have at various times been vital to both North-South and East-West trade in the Sahara. Oases are formed from underground rivers or aquifers such as an artesian aquifer, where water can reach the surface naturally by pressure or by man-made wells. Occasional brief thunderstorms provide subterranean water to sustain natural oases, such as the Tuat. Substrata of impermeable rock and stone can trap water and retain it in pockets, or on long faulting subsurface ridges or volcanic dikes water can collect and percolate to the surface. Any incidence of water is then used by migrating birds who also pass seeds with their droppings which will grow at the water’s edge forming an oasis.

请输入大写字母。

   1    Recently, the deserts which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth’s land surface have been increasing at a surprising speed.

   2   An oasis is an isolated area of vegetation in a desert, typically surrounding a spring or similar water source.

   3   The main causes of desertification are the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water.

   4    If people irrigates too much in a specific region, the water more than needed would sink down into the water table.

   5   According to the theory, if water absorption is greatly reduced there would be an accelerated erosion rates.

   6   Within the semiarid lands, the grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.

   7   In some regions, a trend toward drier climatic conditions is mainly a reason for the increase of the desert.

   8    Over-cultivation, over-grazing, firewood gathering, and over-irrigation are the four specific factors causing the desertification processes.

   9   Most of the desertification is caused by human activities rather than natural processes, which is known to the world.

   10    Crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.

36. A）同义替换题。由题干中的the deserts，already occupy approximately，the Earth’s land surface，increasing at a surprising speed定位到A段第一句：The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth’s land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. 都表达了“沙漠的面积正在以惊人的速度增长”的含义，其中a surprising speed和an alarming pace属于同义替换。

37. I）原文匹配题。由题干中的oasis，an isolated area，vegetation，surrounding a spring or similar water source定位到I段第一句“In geography, an oasis is an isolated area of vegetation in a desert, typically surrounding a spring or similar water source. 都表达了“绿洲是沙漠中孤立的植被区域，通常围绕着水源”的含义。

38. B）句式转换题。由题干中的desertification，the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation，the subsequent accelerated erosion定位到B段第一句：Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. 都表达了“沙漠化主要是因为稳定的自然植被丧失和风和水加速侵蚀土壤”的含义。

39. H）同义替换题。由题干中的irrigates，the water more than needed，sink down into the water table定位到H段第二句：Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table.都表达了“灌溉过多，多余的水就会渗入地下水位”的含义，其中water more than needed和excess water属于同义替换。

40. C）原文匹配题。由题干中的water absorption，reduced，an accelerated erosion rates定位到C段第三句：Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates.都表达了“吸水率大大降低，侵蚀率就会加快”的含义。

41. G）原文匹配题。由题干中的semiarid lands，grasses，the dominant type of natural vegetation，定位到G段第一句：The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.都表达了“在半干旱地区，草类通常是主要的自然植被”的含义。

42. D）原文匹配题。由题干中的a trend toward drier climatic conditions，the increase of the desert，定位到D段第一句“In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions.都表达了“在一些地区，沙漠面积的增加主要是由于气候趋于干燥”的含义。

43. F）原文匹配题。由题干中的over-cultivation，over-grazing，firewood gathering，and over-irrigation定位到F段第一句：Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: over-cultivation, over-grazing, firewood gathering, and over-irrigation.都表达了“过度耕作、过度放牧、乱砍滥发和过度灌溉导致了沙漠化”的含义。

44. E）原文匹配题。由题干中的desertification，human activities，natural processes定位到E段第一句：There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. 都表达了“大多数荒漠化是由人类活动造成的，而不是自然过程”的含义。

45. F）原文匹配题。由题干中的Crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. 定位到F段最后一句：Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. 都表达了“作物歉收会使大片土地失去植被，容易受到风蚀和水蚀”的含义。

 The Big Picture  

A) It is lunchtime at Eastside Elementary School in Clinton, Mississippi, the fattest state in the fattest country in the Western world. Uniformed lunch ladies stand at the ready. Nine-year-olds line up dutifully, trays in hand. Yes to chocolate milk, yes to fried chicken sandwiches, yes to orange jelly, no to salad. Bowls of lettuce and tomatoes sit side to side, rejected. Regina Ducksworth, in charge of Clinton’s lunch menu, sighs. “Broccoli ( 西兰花) is very popular,” she says, reassuringly.  

B) Persuading children to eat vegetables is hardly a new struggle, nor would it seem to rank high on the list of global priorities. In an age of plenty, individuals have the luxury of eating what they like. Yet America is now worrying about how its citizens eat and how much exercise they take. It has become an issue of national concern.  

C) Two-thirds of American adults are overweight. This is defined as having a body mass index (BMI, a common measure of obesity) of 25 or more, which for a man standing 175cm tall means a weight of 77kg or more. Alarmingly, 36% of adults and 17% of children are not just overweight but obese, with a BMI of at least 30, meaning they weigh 92kg or more at the same height. If current trends continue, by 2030 nearly half of American adults could be obese. Americans may be shocked by these numbers, but for the rest of the world they fit a stereotype. Hamburgers, sodas and icecream are considered as American as the Stars and Stripes.  

D) The rest of the world should not scoff at Americans, because belts in many other places are stretched too, as shown by new data from Majid Ezzati of Imperial College, London, and Gretchen Stevens of the World Health Organisation (WHO). Some continental Europeans remain relatively slender. Swiss women are the slimmest, and most French women don’t get fat, as they like to brag (though nearly 15% do). But in Britain 25% of all women are obese, with men following close behind at 24%.  

E) And it is not just the rich world that is too big for its own good. The world’s two main hubs for obesity are the Pacific islands and the Gulf region. Mexican adults are as fat as their northern neighbours. In Brazil the tall and slender are being replaced by the pudgy, with 53% of adults’ overweight in 2008. Even in China, one adult in four is overweight or obese, with higher rates among city-dwellers. In all, according to Dr. Ezzati, in 2008 about 1.5 billion adults, or roughly one-third of the world’s adult population, were overweight or obese. Obesity rates were nearly double those in 1980.  

F) Not long ago the world’s main worry was that people had too little to eat. Malnourishment remains a serious concern in some regions: some 16% of the world’s children, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, were underweight in 2010. But 20 years earlier the figure was 24%. In a study of 36 developing countries, based on data from 1992 to 2000, Barry Popkin of the University of North Carolina found that most of them had more overweight than underweight women.  

G) The clearest explanation of this extraordinary modern phenomenon comes from a doctor who lived in the 5th century BC. “As a general rule,” Hippocrates wrote, “the constitutions and the habits of a people follow the nature of the land where they live.” Men and women of all ages and many cultures did not choose gluttony and laziness over moderation and hard work in the space of just a few decades. Rather, their surroundings changed dramatically, and with them their behaviour. Much of the shift is due to economic growth. BMI rises in line with GDP up to ＄5,000 per person per year, then the correlation ends. Greater wealth means that bicycles are abandoned for motorbikes and cars, and work in the fields is exchanged for sitting at a desk. In rich countries the share of the population that gets insufficient exercise is more than twice as high as in poor ones.  

H) Very importantly, argues Boyd Swinburn of Deakin University in Melbourne, diets change. Families can afford to eat more food of all kinds, and particularly those high in fat and sugar. Mothers spend more time at work and less time cooking. Food companies push their products harder. Richard Wrangham of Harvard University says that heavily processed food may have helped increase obesity rates. Softer foods take less energy to break down and finely milled grains can be digested more completely, so the body absorbs more calories.

I) These global changes react with local factors to create different problems in different regions. In some countries malnutrition is leading to higher obesity rates. Undernourished mothers produce babies who tend to gain weight easily, which makes children in fast-developing countries particularly prone to getting fat. In Mexico unreliable tap water and canny marketing have helped make the country the world’s leading consumer of Coca-Cola: the average adult consumed 728 servings last year. In America junk-food calories are often cheaper than healthy ones. Suburban sprawl and the universal availability of food have made the car the new dining room. In the Middle East, Bedouin traditions of hosting and feasting have combined with wealth to make overeating a nightly habit. Any inclination to exercise is discouraged by heat and cultural restrictions.  

J) Together, these dissimilar changes have caused more and more people to become fat. Many cultures used to view a large girth with approval, as a sign of prosperity. But obesity has costs. It lowers workers’ productivity and in the longer term raises the risk of myriad illnesses, including heart disease, strokes and some cancers; it also affects mental health. In America, obesity-related illness accounted for one-fifth of total health-care spending in 2005, according to one paper.  

K) A huge new global health study, led by Christopher Murray of the University of Washington, shows that since 1990 obesity has grown faster than any other cause of disease. For women a high BMI is now the third-largest driver of illness. At the same time childhood mortality has dropped and the average age of the world’s population has risen rapidly. In combination these trends may mark a shift in public-health priorities. Increasingly, early death is less of a worry than decades spent alive and sick.  

L) It is plain that obesity has become a huge problem, that the factors influencing it are hard to untangle and that reversing it will involve difficult choices. Radical moves such as banning junk food would go against individuals’ freedom to eat what they like. Instead, some governments are cautiously spurring their citizens to eat less and exercise more, and food companies are offering at least some healthier foods.  

M) In a few places obesity rates seem to be leveling, but for now waistlines in most countries continue to widen. Jiang He and his colleagues at Tulane University have estimated that by 2030 the global number of overweight and obese people may double to 3.3 billion. That would have huge implications for individuals, governments, employers, food companies and makers of pharmaceuticals ( 药品).

请输入大写字母。

   1    Economic growth can result in the rises of BMI and insufficient exercises.

   2    Instead of making radical moves, some governments are discreetly encouraging their citizens to eat less and exercise more.

   3   It is a universally common challenge to persuade children to eat vegetables.

   4    More than one fourth of city-dwellers in China are overweight or obese.

   5    Obese people are less productive in the workplace and more prone to certain illnesses.

   6   People in other parts of world hold a stereotype of Americans that they are generally overweight.

   7   Softer foods and finely milled grains may have contributed to the increase of obesity rates.

   8    People in the Middle East are less inclined to take exercise because of weather and cultural confinement.

   9   People used to be concerned about world hunger not so long ago.

   10   The third-largest cause of illness for females is a high BMI.

36. G) 同义替换题。根据题目中的BMI定位到G段最后两句 “BMI rises in line with GDP up to $5,000 per person per year, then the correlation ends. Greater wealth means that bicycles are abandoned for motorbikes and cars, and work in the fields is exchanged for sitting at a desk. In rich countries the share of the population that gets insufficient exercise is more than twice as high as in poor ones.” 本题目是对该定位句的同义转述，其中GDP up to和economic growth，the rises of BMI和BMI rises属于同义替换，insufficient exercises为原词复现。

37. L) 原文匹配题。根据题目中的some governments，their citizens to eat less and exercise more定位到L段最后一句“Instead, some governments are cautiously spurring their citizens to eat less and exercise more, and food companies are offering at least some healthier foods.”原句中的cautiously被替换成了discreetly，spur和encourage也属于同义替换。

38. B) 句式转换题。根据题目中的persuade children to eat vegetables定位到B段第一句“Persuading children to eat vegetables is hardly a new struggle, nor would it seem to rank high on the list of global priorities.” 原句中的hardly a new struggle被替换成了universally common challenge，句式由主语从句转换成了形式主语。

39. E) 同义替换题。根据题目中的China，city-dwellers，overweight or obese定位到E段倒数第二句“Even in China, one adult in four is overweight or obese, with higher rates among city-dwellers.”原句中的one adult in four被替换成了one fourth，with higher rates和more than也属于同义替换。

40. J) 同义替换题。根据题目中的productive，illnesses定位到J段第四句“It lowers workers’ productivity and in the longer term raises the risk of myriad illnesses, including heart disease, strokes and some cancers.”原句中的lowers workers’ productivity被替换成了less productive，certain illnesses概括了原文中的heart disease, strokes and some cancers。

41. C) 同义替换题。根据题目中的Americans，stereotype定位到C段最后一句“Americans may be shocked by these numbers, but for the rest of the world they fit a stereotype. Hamburgers, sodas and ice-creams are considered as American as the Stars and Stripes.”原句中的fit a stereotype被替换成了hold a stereotype，the rest of the world被替换成了people in other parts of world。

42. H) 同义替换题。根据题目中的Softer foods，finely milled grains，increase of obesity rates定位到H段最后两句“heavily processed food may have helped increase obesity rates. Softer foods take less energy to break down and finely milled grains can be digested more completely, so the body absorbs more calories.”原句中的helped被替换成了contributed to。

43. I) 同义替换题。根据题目中的Middle East，exercise定位到I段最后一句“In the Middle East, Bedouin traditions of hosting and feasting have combined with wealth to make overeating a nightly habit. Any inclination to exercise is discouraged by heat and cultural restrictions.”原句中的cultural restrictions被替换成了cultural confinement，discouraged被替换成了less inclined。

44. F) 同义替换题。根据题目中的not so long ago定位到F段第一句“Not long ago the world’s main worry was that people had too little to eat.”原句中的too little to eat被替换成了world hunger，main worry被替换成了be concerned about。

45. K) 句式转换题。根据题目中的BMI，the third-largest，illness定位到K段第二句“For women a high BMI is now the third-largest driver of illness.”原句中的driver被替换成了cause，women被替换成了females。

The History of the Lunch Box

A) It was made of shiny, bright pink plastic with a Little Mermaid sticker on the front, and I carried it with me nearly every single day. My lunch box was one of my first prized possessions, a proud statement to everyone in my kindergarten: “I love Mermaid-Ariel on my lunch box.”

B) That bulky container served me well through my first and second grades, until the live-action version of 101 Dalmatians hit theaters, and I needed the newest red plastic box with characters like Pongo and Perdita on the front. I know I’m not alone here — I bet you loved your first lunch box, too.

C) Lunch boxes have been connecting kids to cartoons and TV shows and super-heroes for decades. But it wasn’t always that way. Once upon a time, they weren’t even boxes. As schools have changed in the past century, the midday meal container has evolved right along with them.

D) Let’s start back at the beginning of the 20th century — the beginning of the lunch box story, really. While there were neighborhood schools in cities and suburbs, one-room schoolhouses were common in rural areas. As grandparents have been saying for generations, kids would travel miles to school in the countryside (often on foot).

E) “You had kids in rural areas who couldn’t go home from school for lunch, so bringing your lunch wrapped in a cloth, in oiled paper, in a little wooden box or something like that was a very long-standing rural tradition.” says Paula Johnson, head of food history section at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington, D. C.

F) City kids, on the other hand, went home for lunch and came back. Since they rarely carried a meal, the few metal lunch buckets on the market were mainly for tradesmen and factory workers.

G) After World War Ⅱ , a bunch of changes reshaped schools—and lunches. More women joined the workforce. Small schools consolidated into larger ones, meaning more students were farther away from home. And the NationalSchool Lunch Act in 1946 made cafeterias much more common. Still, there wasn’t much of a market for lunch containers — yet. Students who carried their lunch often did so in a re-purposed bucket or tin of some kind.

H) And then everything changed in the year of 1950. You might as well call it the Year of the Lunch Box, thanks in large part to a genius move by a Nashville-based manufacturer Aladdin Industries. The company already made square metal meal containers, the kind workers carried, and some had started to show up in the hands of school kids.

 I) But these containers were really durable, lasting years on end. That was great for the consumer, not so much for the manufacturer. So executives at Aladdin hit on an idea that would harness the newfound popularity of television. They covered lunch boxes with striking red paint and added a picture of TV and radio cowboy Hopalong Cassidy on the front.

J) The company sold 600,000 units the first year. It was a major “Ah-ha!” moment, and a wave of other manufacturers jumped on board to capitalize on new TV shows and movies. “The Partridge Family, the Addams Family, the Six Million Dollar Man, the Bionic Woman — everything that was on television ended up on a lunch box,” says Allen Woodall. He’s the founder of the Lunch Box Museum in Columbus, Georgia. “It was a great marketing tool because kids were taking that TV show to school with them, and then when they got home they had them captured back on TV,” he says.

K) And yes, you read that right: There is a lunch box museum, right near the Chattahoochee River. Woodall has more than 2,000 items on display. His favorite? The Green Hornet lunch box, because he used to listen to the radio show back in the 1940s.

L) The new trend was also a great example of planned obsolescence, that is, to design a product so that it will soon become unfashionable or impossible to use and will need replacing. Kids would beg for a new lunch box every year to keep up with the newest characters, even if their old lunch box was perfectly usable.

M) The metal lunch box craze lasted until the mid-1980s, when plastic took over. Two theories exist as to why. The first — and most likely — is that plastic had simply become cheaper. The second theory — possibly an urban myth — is that concerned parents in several states proposed bans on metal lunch boxes, claiming kids were using them as “weapons” to hit one another. There’s a lot on the internet about a state-wide ban in Florida, but a few days worth of digging by a historian at the Florida State Historical Society found no such legislation. Either way, the metal lunch box was out.

N) The last few decades have brought a new lunch box revolution, of sorts. Plastic boxes changed to lined cloth sacks, and eventually, globalism brought tiffin containers from India and bento boxes from Japan. Even the old metal lunch boxes have regained popularity. “I don’t think the heyday ( 鼎盛时期) has passed,’’ says D. J. Jayasekara, owner and founder of lunchbox. com, a retailer in Pasadena, California. “I think it has evolved. The days of the ready-made, ‘you stick it in a lunch box and carry it to school’ are kind of done. ”

O) The introduction of backpacks changed the lunch box scene a bit, he adds. Once kids started carrying book bags, that bulky traditional lunch box was hard to fit inside. “But you can’t just throw a sandwich in a backpack,” Jayasekara says. “It still has to go into a container.” That is, in part, why smaller and softer containers have taken off — they fit into backpacks.

P) And don’t worry — whether it’s a plastic bento box or a cloth bag, lunch containers can still easily be covered with popular culture. “We keep pace with the movie industries so we can predict which characters are going to be popular for the coming months,” Jayasekara says. “You know, kids are kids.”

请输入大写字母。

   1    Lunch containers were not necessary for school kids in cities.

   2    Putting TV characters on lunch boxes proved an effective marketing strategy.

   3    Smaller lunch boxes are preferred because they fit easily into backpacks.

   4    Lunch boxes have evolved along with the transformation of schools.

   5   Around the beginning of the nineteen fifties, some school kids started to use metal meal containers.

   6    School kids are eager to get a new lunch box every year to stay in fashion.

   7    Rural kids used to walk a long way to school in the old days.

   8    The author was proud of using a lunch box in her childhood.

   9   The most probable reason for the popularity of plastic lunch boxes is that they are less expensive.

   10    The durability of metal meal containers benefited consumers.

36. 午餐盒对城市里的学生来说不是必需品。

解析 F。由kids in cities 可定位至F 段。另一方面，城里的孩子回家吃午饭，然后返回学校。由于他们很少带午饭，市场上为数不多的金属午餐盒主要是为商人和工厂工人准备的。由此可知，城里的孩子并不需要午餐盒，题干中的kids in cities 对应City kids，not necessary 对应rarely carried a meal，故F 为正确答案。

37. 事实证明，把电视人物印在饭盒上是一种有效的营销策略。

解析 J。由TV characters on lunch boxes 和marketing 可定位至J 段。第1 句说到，公司第一年就售出了60 万个午餐盒，这个数额令人震惊，其他一些制造商也纷纷加入进来，利用新的电视节目和电影获利。最后1 句引用艾伦· 伍德尔的话，表示这是一种很好的营销方法， 因为孩子们可以把电视节目里的人物和午餐盒一起带到学校，然后当他们回家时，他们又能在电视上看到这些节目了。由此可知，把电视人物印在饭盒上是一种有效的营销策略，能大幅度提升销量。题干中的an effective marketing strategy 是a great marketing tool 的同义替换， 故J 为正确答案。

38. 较小的午餐盒更受欢迎，因为它们很容易装进背包里。

解析 O。由Smaller lunch boxes 和fit into backpacks 可定位至O 段最后1 句。这就是更小、更便携的容器受欢迎的原因之一——它们容易放进背包。题干中的Small lunch boxes 对应smaller and softer containers，fit into backpacks 在原文复现，故O 为正确答案。

39. 午餐盒随着学校的转变而发展。

解析 C。由Lunch boxes have evolved 和the transformation of schools 可定位至C 段最后1 句。在过去的一个世纪里，随着学校的变化，午餐盒也随之演变。题干中的Lunch boxes have evolved 对应the midday meal container has evolved， 题干中的the transformation of schools 是As schools have changed 的同义替换，故C 为正确答案。

40. 大约在20 世纪50 年代初，一些学生开始使用金属饭盒。

解析 H。由Around the beginning of the nineteen fifties 可定位至H 段第1 句。在1950 年， 一切都变了。纳什维尔制造商阿拉丁工业公司制作了工人同款的方形金属饭盒，其中一些已经送到学生手中。由此可知，一些学生从1950 年左右开始使用金属饭盒。题干中的Around the beginning of the nineteen fifties 对应the year of 1950，题干中的some school kids started to use metal meal containers 是some had started to show up in the hands of school kids 的同义替换， 故H 为正确答案。

41. 学校的孩子们每年都渴望一个新的午餐盒，以跟上潮流。

解析 L。由a new lunch box every year 可定位至L 段最后1 句。孩子们每年都想要一个新的午餐盒，以跟上最新的角色，即使他们的旧午餐盒是完全可用的。题干中的are eager to get 是beg for 的同义替换，a new lunch box every year 在原文中复现，题干中的stay in fashion 对应keep up with the newest characters，故L 为正确答案。

42. 过去，农村孩子上学要走很长的路。

解析 D。由walk a long way to school 可定位至D 段最后1 句。正如祖父母几代人一直讲述的那样，孩子们需要走（通常情况下步行）好几英里去乡下上学。题干中的Rural kids 是kids in the countryside 的同义替换，walk a long way to school 对应would travel miles to school (often on foot)，故D 为正确答案。

43. 作者以童年使用午餐盒为荣。

解析 A。由The author 和proud of 可定位至A 段。我的午餐盒是我小时候最喜爱的、珍视的物品之一，我对幼儿园里每个人骄傲地宣告：“我喜欢午餐盒上的美人鱼爱丽儿。”由此可知，作者以童年使用午餐盒为荣。题干中的was proud of 是a proud statement 的同义替换，故A 为正确答案。

44. 塑料饭盒受欢迎最可能的原因是它们更便宜。

解析 M。由popularity、plastic lunch boxes 和less expensive 可定位至M 段第3 句。金属饭盒的狂热一直持续到20 世纪80 年代中期，直到塑料代替了金属。关于这一情况的原因，存在两种理论。首先，也是最有可能的原因，是塑料价格更低。由此可知，塑料饭盒受欢迎最可能的原因是它们更便宜。题干中的The most probable reason 对应most likely，less expensive 是cheaper 的同义替换，故M 为正确答案。

45. 金属饭盒的耐用性使消费者受益。

解析 I。由durability 和benefited consumers 可定位至I 段第1-2 句。但是这些午餐盒真的很耐用，一用就是好几年。这对消费者来说是好事，但对制造商来说却并非如此。由此可知，金属饭盒的耐用性使消费者受益。题干中的durability 是durable 的同义替换，题干中的benefited consumer 对应was great for the consumer，故I 为正确答案。

Poverty Is a Story About Us, not Them

A) Too often still, we think we know what poverty looks like. It’s the way we’ve been taught, the images we’ve been force-fed for decades. The chronically homeless. The undocumented immigrant. The urban poor, usually personified as a woman of color, the “welfare queen” politicians still too often reference.

B) But as income inequality rises to record levels in the United States, even in the midst of a record economic expansion, those familiar images are outdated, hurtful, and counterproductive to focusing attention on solutions and building ladders of opportunity.

C) Today’s faces of income inequality and lack of opportunity look like all of us. It’s Anna Landre, a disabled Georgetown University student fighting to keep health benefits that allow her the freedom to live her life. It’s Tiffanie Standard, a counselor for young women of color in Philadelphia who want to be tech entrepreneurs — but who must work multiple jobs to stay afloat. It’s Ken Outlaw, a welder in rural North Carolina whose dream of going back to school at a local community college was dashed by Hurricane Florence — just one of the extreme weather events that have tipped the balance for struggling Americans across the nation.

D) If these are the central characters of our story about poverty, what layers of perceptions, myths, and realities must we unearth to find meaningful solutions and support? In pursuit of revealing this complicated reality, Mothering Justice, led by women of color, went last year to the state capital in Lansing, Michigan, to lobby on issues that affect workingmothers. One of the Mothering Justice organizers went to the office of a state representative to talk about the lack of affordable childcare — the vestiges ( 痕迹) of a system that expected mothers to stay home with their children while their husbands worked. A legislative staffer dismissed the activist’s concerns, telling her “my husband took care of that — I stayed home.”

E) That comment, says Mothering Justice director Danielle Atkinson, “was meant to shame” and relied on the familiar notion that a woman of color concerned about income inequality and programs that promote mobility must by definition be a single mom, probably with multiple kids. In this case, the Mothering Justice activist happened to be married. And in most cases in the America of 2019, the images that come to mind when we hear the words poverty or income inequality fail miserably in reflecting a complicated reality: poverty touches virtually all of us. The face of income inequality, for all but a very few of us, is the one we each see in the mirror.

F) How many of us are poor in the U. S.? It depends on who you ask. According to the Census Bureau, 38 million people in the U. S. are living below the official poverty thresholds. Taking into account economic need beyond that absolute measure, the Institute for Policy Studies found that 140 million people are poor or low-income. That’s almost half the U. S. population.

G) Whatever the measure, within that massive group, poverty is extremely diverse. We know that some people are more affected than others, like children, the elderly, people with disabilities, and people of color.

H) But the fact that 4 in 10 Americans can’t come up with  ＄400 in an emergency is a commonly cited statistic for good reason: economic instability stretches across race, gender, and geography. It even reaches into the middle classes, as real wages have stagnated ( 不增长) for all but the very wealthy and temporary spells of financial instability are not uncommon.

I) Negative images remain of who is living in poverty as well as what is needed to move out of it. The big American myth is that you can pull yourself up by your own efforts and change a bad situation into a good one. The reality is that finding opportunity without help from families, friends, schools, and community is virtually impossible. And the playing field is nothing close to level.

J) The Frame Works Institute, a research group that focuses on public framing of issues, has studied what sustains stereotypes and narratives of poverty in the United Kingdom. “People view economic success and wellbeing in life as a product of choice, willpower, and drive,” says Nat Kendall-Taylor, CEO of Frame Works. “When we see people who are struggling,” he says, those assumptions “lead us to the perception that people in poverty are lazy, they don’t care, and they haven’t made the right decisions.”

K) Does this sound familiar? Similar ideas surround poverty in the U. S. And these assumptions give a false picture of reality. “When people enter into that pattern of thinking,” says Kendall-Taylor, “it’s cognitively comfortable to make sense of issues of poverty in that way. It creates a kind of cognitive blindness — all of the factors external to a person’s drive and choices that they’ve made become invisible and fade from view.”

L) Those external factors include the difficulties accompanying low-wage work or structural discrimination based on race, gender, or ability. Assumptions get worse when people who are poor use government benefits to help them survive. There is a great tension between “the poor” and those who are receiving what has become a dirty word: “welfare.”

M) According to the General Social Survey, 71 percent of respondents believe the country is spending too little on “assistance to the poor.” On the other hand, 22 percent think we are spending too little on “welfare”: 37 percent believe we are spending too much.

N) “Poverty has been interchangeable with people of color — specifically black women and black mothers,” saysAtkinson of Mothering Justice. It’s true that black mothers are more affected by poverty than many other groups, yet they are disproportionately the face of poverty. For example, Americans routinely overestimate the share of black recipients of public assistance programs.

O) In reality, most people will experience some form of financial hardship at some point in their lives. Indeed, people tend to dip in and out of poverty, perhaps due to unexpected obstacles like losing a job, or when hours of a low-wage job fluctuate.

P) Something each of us can do is to treat each other with the dignity and sympathy that is deserved and to understand deeply that the issue of poverty touches all of us.

请填入大写字母。

   1    One legislative staffer assumed that a woman of color who advocated affordable childcare must be a single mother.

   2   People from different races, genders, and regions all suffer from a lack of financial security.

   3   According to a survey, while the majority believe too little assistance is given to the poor, more than a third believe too much is spent on welfare.

   4   A research group has found that Americans who are struggling are thought to be lazy and to have made the wrong decisions.

   5    Under the old system in America, a mother was supposed to stay home and take care of her children.

   6   It was found that nearly 50% of Americans are poor or receive low pay.

   7   Americans usually overestimate the number of blacks receiving welfare benefits.

   8   It is impossible for Americans to lift themselves out of poverty entirely on their own.

   9    Nowadays, it seems none of us can get away from income inequality.

   10    Assumptions about poor people become even more negative when they live on welfare.

36. 一名立法工作人员认为，如果哪位有色人种女性提倡推行能负担得起的儿童托管服务，那么她一定是位单身母亲。

解析 E。由One legislative staffer 和affordable childcare 可定位至D 段后两句，根据题干中的a woman of color 和a single mother 可定位至E 段第1 句。D 段后两句提到，当Mothering Justice 的组织者和州议员反映缺乏能负担得起的儿童托管服务时，一名立法工作人员回绝了这一诉求，告诉她自己可以寻求丈夫的协助。接下来在E 段第1 句表示，Mothering Justice 的主管丹妮尔· 阿特金森说到，这番言论“意在羞辱”，它是基于一种常见的看法，即关注收入不平等和促进人口流动项目的有色人种女性俨然就是一位单身妈妈，可能还带着好几个孩子。这句话揭示了D 段中一位立法工作人员所持有的观点，即如果哪位有色人种女性提倡推行经济范围内的儿童托管服务，那么她一定是位单身母亲。题干中的a woman of color 在E 段第1 句中复现，a single mother 是a single mom 的同义替换，故E 为正确答案。

37. 各种族、性别和地区的人们都缺乏经济保障。

解析 H。由a lack of financial security 可定位至H 段第1 句。但事实上，每10 个美国人里有4 个人无法在紧急情况下拿出400 美元，这一统计数据常常被引用，引用的理由很充分： 无论种族、性别和地理位置，人们都面临着经济状况不稳定的问题。下一句继续指出，这一现象甚至波及到中产阶级，因为除了极度富有的人，其他所有人的实际工资数额都停滞不前，而短期金融波动也是很常见的。由此可知，不论种族、性别和地理位置，人们都面临着经济状况不稳定的问题，即缺乏经济保障。题干中的a lack of financial security 是economic instability 和financial instability 的同义替换，故H 为正确答案。

38. 根据一项调查，大多数人认为目前给予穷人的援助过少，而超过三分之一的人认为用于社会福利的支出过多。

解析 M。由According to a survey、assistance is given to the poor 和welfare 可定位至M 段。根据社会普查，71% 的受访者认为国家在“帮助穷人”方面投入过少。另一方面，22% 的人认为国家在“福利”方面的支出过少，37% 的人则认为该项支出过多。题干中的the majority 对应原文中的71%，more than a third 对应37%，故M 为正确答案。

39. 一个研究小组发现，人们会认为那些挣扎度日的美国人都是些懒人，而且他们做出过错误的决定。

解析 J。由A research group、struggling 和lazy 可定位至J 段。一个研究小组发现，人们认为经济上的成功和生活的幸福是结合了一个人的决策能力、意志力、动力、勇气和进取心的产物，当我们看到那些正在生活里挣扎的人，上述想法会让我们觉得穷人懒惰、满不在乎，而且没有做出正确的决定。题干中的research group、struggling 和lazy 在第2 句中复现， have made the wrong decisions 是haven’t made the right decisions 的同义替换，故J 为正确答案。

40. 在美国的旧体制下，母亲被认为应该待在家里照顾孩子。

解析 D。由a mother was supposed to stay home and take care of her children 可定位至D 段第3 句。Mothering Justice 组织的一名成员前往州代表办公室，反映人们负担得起的托儿服务十分匮乏这一问题——这是一种旧制度的残留，这种制度要求妻子在丈夫工作时留在家里照看孩子。题干中的old system 即本句中提到的system，故D 为正确答案。

41. 调查发现，近50% 的美国人处于贫穷或低收入状态。

解析 F。由are poor or receive low pay 可定位至F 段第3 句。政策研究协会发现，如果在绝对标准之外再考虑到经济需求，则有1.4 亿人口属于贫困或低收入人群，其生活水平比人口普查认定的贫困补充标准低200%。随后在本段结尾又说到，这一数字几乎相当于美国一半的人口。结合这两句理解可知，美国几乎有一半人口处于贫穷或低收入状态，题干与此表述一致，题干中的are poor or receive low pay 是are poor or low-income 的同义替换，故F 为正确答案。

42. 美国人通常高估了能够获得社会福利的黑人人数。

解析 N。由overestimate 和the number of blacks 可定位至N 段最后1 句。美国人通常会高估能够接受公共项目援助的黑人所占比例。题干中的overestimate 为原词复现，题干中的 the number of blacks receiving welfare benefits 对应the share of black recipients of public assistance programs，故N 为正确答案。

43. 美国人不可能完全依靠自己的力量摆脱贫困。

解析 I。由impossible、lift themselves out of poverty 和on their own 可定位至I 段。第2 句表示，在美国广泛流传着一个神话：你可以凭一己之力振作起来，扭转局势。随后又在第3句中说到，事实上，如果没有来自家庭、朋友、学校和社区的帮助，想要找到机会摆脱困境几乎是不可能的。因此，美国人无法单靠自己的力量摆脱贫困，题干中的lift themselves out of poverty 对应pull yourself up，entirely on their own 是on your own 的同义替换，故I 为正确答案。

44. 如今，似乎没有人能摆脱收入不平等的状况。

解析 C。由Nowadays、none of us 和income inequality 可定位至C 段第1 句。似乎我们每一个人都面临着收入不平等和机会匮乏的问题。题干与此内容相符，Nowadays 对应C 段第1 句的Today，it seems none of us 对应look like all of us，income inequality 为原词复现，故C 为正确答案。

45. 当穷人靠福利过活时，外界对他们的看法会变得更加负面。

解析 L。由Assumptions about poor people 和more negative 可定位至L 段第2 句。当穷人靠政府救济过活时，外界对他们的看法会变得更糟糕。题干中的Assumptions 为原词复现，题干中的even more negative 是get worse 的同义替换，when they live on welfare 对应use government benefits to help them survive，故L 为正确答案。

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

The Place Where the Poor Once Thrived

A) This is the land of opportunity. If that weren’t already implied by the landscape — rolling green hills, palm trees, sun-kissed flowers — then it’s evident in the many stories of people who grew up poor in these sleepy neighborhoods and rose to enormous success. People like Tri Tran, who fled Vietnam on a boat in 1986, showed up in San Jose with nothing, made it to MIT, and then founded the food-delivery start-up Munchery, which is valued at ＄300 million.

B) Indeed, data suggests that this is one of the best places to grow up poor in America. A child born in the early 1980s into a low-income family in San Jose had a 12.9 percent chance of becoming a high earner as an adult, according to a landmark study released in 2014 by the economist Raj Chetty and his colleagues from Harvard and Berkeley. That number — 12.9 percent — may not seem remarkable? but it was: Kids in San Jose whose families fell in the bottom quintile ( 五分位数） of income nationally had the best shot in the country at reaching the top quintile.

C) By contrast, just 4.4 percent of poor kids in Charlotte moved up to the top; in Detroit the figure was 5.5 percent. San Jose had social mobility comparable to Denmark’s and Canada’s and higher than other progressive cities such as Boston and Minneapolis.

D) The reasons kids in San Jose performed so well might seem obvious. Some of the world’s most innovative companies are located here, providing opportunities such as the one seized by a 12-year-old Mountain View residentnamed Steve Jobs when he called William Hewlett to ask for spare parts and subsequently received a summer job. This is a city of immigrants — 38 percent of the city’s population today is foreign-born — and immigrants and their children have historically experienced significant upward mobility in America. The city has long had a large foreignborn population (26. 5 percent in 1990), leading to broader diversity, which, the Harvard and Berkeley economists say, is a good predictor of mobility.

E) Indeed, the streets of San Jose seem, in some ways, to embody the best of America. It’s possible to drive in a matter of minutes from sleek ( 光亮的) office towers near the airport where people pitch ideas to investors, to single-family homes with orange trees in their yards, or to a Vietnamese mall. The libraries here offer programs in 17 languages, and there are areas filled with small businesses owned by Vietnamese immigrants, Mexican immigrants, Korean immigrants,and Filipino immigrants, to name a few.

F) But researchers aren’t sure exactly why poor kids in San Jose did so well. The city has a low prevalence of children growing up in single-parent families, and a low level of concentrated poverty, both factors that usually mean a city allows for good intergenerational mobility. But San Jose also performs poorly on some of the measures correlated with good mobility. It is one of the most unequal places out of the 741 that the researchers measured, and it has high degrees of racial and economic segregation ( 隔离). Its schools underperform based on how much money there is in the area, said Ben Scuderi, a predoctoral fellow at the Equality of Opportunity Project at Harvard, which uses big data to study how to improve economic opportunities for low-income children. “There’s a lot going on here which we don’t totally understand,” he said. “It’s interesting, because it kind of defies our expectations.”

G) The Chetty data shows that neighborhoods and places mattered for children born in the San Jose area of the 1980s. Whether the city still allows for upward mobility of poor kids today, though, is up for debate. Some of the indicators such as income inequality, measured by the Equality of Opportunity Project for the year 2000, have only worsened in the past 16 years.

H) Some San Jose residents say that as inequality has grown in recent years, upward mobility has become much more difficult to achieve. As Silicon Valley has become home to more successful companies, the flood of people to the area has caused housing prices to skyrocket. By most measures, San Jose is no longer a place where low-income, or even middle-income families, can afford to live. Rents in San Jose grew 42. 6 percent between 2006 and 2014, which was the largest increase in the country during that time period. The city has a growing homelessness problem, which it tried to address by shutting down “The Jungle,” one of the largest homeless encampments( 临时住地) in the nation, in 2014. Inequality is extreme. The Human Development Index — a measure of life expectancy, education and per capita( 人均的) income — gives East San Jose a score of 4. 85 out of 10, while nearby Cupertino, where Apple’s headquarters sits, receives a 9. 26. San Jose used to have a happy mix of factors — cheap housing, closeness to a rapidly developing industry, tightly-knit immigrant communities — that together opened up the possibility of prosperity for even its poorest residents. But in recent years, housing prices have skyrocketed, the region’s rich and poor have segregated, and middle-class jobs have disappeared. Given this, the future for the region’s poor doesn’t look nearly as bright as it once did.

I) Leaders in San Jose are determined to make sure that the city regains its status as a place where even poor kids can access the resources to succeed. With Silicon Valley in its backyard, it certainly has the chance to do so. “I think there is a broad consciousness in the Valley that we can do better than to leave thousands of our neighbors behind through a period of extraordinary success,” San Jose Mayor Sam Liccardo said.

J) But in today’s America — a land of rising inequality, increasing segregation, and stagnating ( 不增长的) middleclass wages — can the San Jose region really once again become a place of opportunity?

K) The idea that those at the bottom can rise to the top is central to America’s ideas about itself. That such mobility has become more difficult in San Jose raises questions about the endurance of that foundational belief. After all, if the one-time land of opportunity can’t be fixed, what does that say for the rest of America?

请输入大写字母。

   1   According to some people living in San Jose, it has become much harder for the poor to get ahead due to the increased inequality.

   2    In American history, immigrants used to have a good chance to move upward in society.

   3    If the problems of San Jose can’t be solved, one of America’s fundamental beliefs about itself can be shaken.

   4    San Jose was among the best cities in America for poor kids to move up the social ladder.

   5   Whether poor kids in San Jose today still have the chance to move upward is questionable.

   6   San Jose’s officials are resolved to give poor kids access to the resources necessary for success in life.

   7    San Jose appears to manifest some of the best features of America.

   8    As far as social mobility is concerned, San Jose beat many other progressive cities in America.

   9   Due to some changes like increases in housing prices in San Jose, the prospects for its poor people have dimmed.

   10   Researchers do not have a clear idea why poor children in San Jose achieved such great success several decades ago.

36. 根据住在圣何塞的一些人的说法，由于不平等加剧，穷人要出人头地变得更加困难。

解析 H。由people living in San Jose、harder for the poor to get ahead 和increased inequality 可定位至H 段第1 句。一些圣何塞居民表示，近年来随着不平等程度的加剧，向上流动变得更加困难。题干中的people living in San Jose 是San Jose residents 的同义替换，the poor to get ahead 对应upward mobility，harder 是more difficult 的同义替换，increased inequality 对应inequality has grown，故H 为正确答案。

37. 在美国历史上，移民曾经有过很好的机会在社会中向上流动。

解析 D。由history、immigrants 和have a good chance to move upward 可定位至D 段第3 句。圣何塞是一座移民城市，移民比例很高，此地移民及其子女在美国历史上经历了显著的向上流动。immigrants 为原词复现，have a good chance to move upward 是experienced significant upward mobility 的同义替换，故D 为正确答案。

38. 如果圣何塞的问题得不到解决，美国的基本信念之一就会动摇。

解析 K。由problems of San Jose、fundamental beliefs 和be shaken 可定位至K 段第2 句。美国理念的核心是社会底层的人是可以向上流动的，这种流动性在圣何塞变得更加困难，这是对这种基本信念持久性提出的质疑。题干中的problems of San Jose 对应That such mobility has become more difficult in San Jose，fundamental beliefs 是foundational belief 的同义替换， be shaken 对应该raises questions，故K 为正确答案。

39. 圣何塞是美国最适合贫困儿童实现社会阶层流动的城市之一。

解析 B。由best cities 和poor kids to move upward 可定位至B 段。圣何塞是美国最适合穷人成长的地方之一，以及圣何塞低收入家庭的孩子成为高收入人士的比例很高。题干中的best cities 是B 段首句best places 的同义替换，poor kids to move upward 是对本段第2-3 句的内容概括，故B 为正确答案。

40. 现在圣何塞的贫困儿童是否还有机会向上流动，仍受到质疑。

解析 G。由whether、have the chance to move upward 和questionable 可定位至G 段第2 句。这座城市是否还允许贫困儿童向上流动，还存在争议。题干中的Whether poor kids in San Jose today still have the chance to move upward 是对该句Whether the city still allows for upward mobility of poor kids 的同义替换，questionable 是对up for debate 的同义替换，故G 为正确答案。

41. 圣何塞官方决心使贫困儿童在生活中能够获得成功所必需的资源。

解析 I。由San Jose’s official、are resolved to、access、resources 和for success 可定位至I 段第1 句。圣何塞的领导人决心恢复这座城市的地位：确保即使贫穷的孩子也能获得成功所需的资源。题干中的San Jose’s officialss 是Leaders in San Jose 的同义替换，are resolved to 是are determined to 的同义替换，give poor kids access to the resources necessary for success 对应poor kids can access the resources to succeed，故I 为正确答案。

42. 圣何塞似乎体现了一些美国最好的特征。

解析 E。由manifest 和the best features of America 可定位至E 段第1 句。在某些方面，圣何塞的街道似乎体现了美国最好的一面。题干中的manifest 是embody 的同义替换，the best features of America 对应该句的the best of America，故E 为正确答案。

43. 就社会流动性而言，圣何塞打败了美国其他许多进步城市。

解析 C。由social mobility、beat 和progressive cities 可定位至C 段第2 句。圣何塞的社会流动性与丹麦和加拿大相当，高于波士顿和明尼阿波利斯等其他进步城市。题干中的social mobility 和progressive cities 为原词复现，beat 对应higher than，故C 为正确答案。

44. 由于圣何塞房价上涨等一些变化，该市穷人的前景变得暗淡。

解析 H。由changes、increases in housing prices、the prospects 和dimmed 可定位至H 段最后两句。近年来，房价飞涨，区域贫富分化，中产阶级的工作岗位消失了。有鉴于此，这一地区穷人的未来似乎不像过去那么光明了。题干中的changes 指的是H 段倒数第2 句中的housing prices have skyrocketed, the region’s rich and poor have segregated, and middle-class jobs have disappeared，dimmed 对应doesn’t look nearly as bright as it once did，故H 为正确答案。

45. 研究人员还不清楚为什么圣何塞的贫困儿童在几十年前取得了如此巨大的成功。

解析 F。由Researchers、a clear idea 和why 可定位至F 段第1 句。研究人员并不确定究竟因为什么圣何塞的贫困儿童表现得这么好。题干中的researchers 和why 属于原词复现，do not have a clear idea 是aren’t sure exactly 的同义替换，achieved such great success 对应did so well，故F 为正确答案。

Why Are Asian Americans Missing from Our Textbooks?

A) I still remember my fourth-grade social studies project. Our class was studying the Gold Rush, something all California fourth-graders learned. I was excited because I had asked to research Chinese immigrants during that era. Growing up in the San Francisco Bay Area, I had always known that “San Francisco” translated to “Gold Mountain” in Chinese. The name had stuck ever since Chinese immigrants arrived on the shores of Northern California in the 1850s, eager to try their luck in the gold mines. Now I’d have the chance to learn about them.

B) My excitement was short-lived. I remember heading to the library with my class and asking for help. I remember the librarian’s hesitation. She finally led me past row after row of books, to a corner of the library where she pulled an oversized book off the shelf. She checked the index and turned over to a page about early Chinese immigrants in California. That was all there was in my entire school library in San Francisco, home of the nation’s first Chinatown. That was it.

C) I finally had the opportunity to learn about Asian Americans like myself, and how we became part of the fabric of the United States when I took an introductory class on Asian-American history in college. The class was a revelation. I realized how much had been missing in my textbooks as I grew up. My identity had been shaped by years of never reading, seeing, hearing, or learning about people who had a similar background as me. Why, I wondered, weren’t the stories, histories, and contributions of Asian Americans taught in K-12 schools, especially in the elementary schools? Why are they still not taught?

D) Our students — Asian, Latino, African American, Native American, and, yes, white — stand to gain from a multicultural curriculum. Students of color are more engaged and earn better grades when they see themselvesin their studies. Research has also found that white students benefit by being challenged and exposed to new perspectives.

E) For decades, activists have called for schools to offer anti-racism or multicultural curricula. Yet a traditional American K-12 curriculum continues to be taught from a Eurocentric point of view. Being multicultural often falls back on weaving children of color into photographs, or creating a few supporting characters that happen to be ethnic — an improvement, but superficial nonetheless. Elementary school classrooms celebrate cultural holidays—Lunar New Year! Red envelopes! Lion dancers! —but they’re quick to gloss over ( 掩饰) the challenges and injustices that Asian Americans have faced. Most students don’t, for example, learn about the laws that for years excluded Asians from immigrating to the U.S. They don’t hear the narratives of how and why Southeast Asian refugees ( 难民) had to rebuild their lives here.

F) Research into what students learn in school has found just how much is missing in their studies. In an analysis, Christine Sleeter, a professor in the College of Professional Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay, reviewed California’s history and social studies framework, the curriculum determined by state educators that influences what is taught in K-12 classrooms. Of the nearly 100 Americans recommended to be studied, 77% were white, 18% African American, 4% Native American, and 1% Latino. None were Asian American.

G) Worse, when Asian Americans do make an appearance in lesson books, it is often laced with problems. “There hasn’t been much progress,” says Nicholas Hartlep, an assistant professor at Metropolitan State University. His 2016 study of K-12 social studies textbooks and teacher manuals found that Asian Americans were poorly represented at best, and subjected to racist caricatures ( 拙劣的模仿) at worst. The wide diversity of Asian Americans was overlooked; there was very little mention of South Asians or Pacific Islanders, for example. And chances were, in the images, Asian Americans appeared in stereotypical ( 模式化的) roles, such as engineers.

H) Teachers with a multicultural background or training could perhaps overcome such curriculum challenges, but they’re few and far between. In California, 65% of K-12 teachers are white, compared with a student population that is 75% students of color. Nationwide, the gap is even greater. It isn’t a requirement that teachers share the same racial or ethnic background as their students, but the imbalance poses challenges, from the potential for unconscious bias to a lack of knowledge or comfort in discussing race and culture.

I) How race and ethnicity is taught is crucial, says Allyson Tintiangco-Cubales, an Asian-American studies professor at San Francisco State University. She added that it’s not so much about the teacher’s background, but about training. “You can have a great curriculum but if you don’t have teachers dedicated ( 专注于) to teaching it well,” she says, “it won’t work as well as you want it to.”

J) Some teachers are finding ways to expose students to Asian-American issues — if not during school hours, then outside of them. This summer, Wilson Wong will lead a class of rising fifth-graders at a day camp dedicated to Chinese culture and the Chinese-American community in Oakland, California. His students, for instance, will learn about how Chinese immigrants built the railroads in California, and even have a chance to “experience” it themselves: They will race each other to build a railroad model on the playground, with some students being forced to “work” longer and faster and at cheaper wages. Wong, a middle school teacher during the school year, hopes he’s exposing the students to how Chinese Americans contributed to the U.S., something that he didn’t get as a student growing up in the San Francisco Bay Area. “I planted the seeds early,” he says. “That’s what I’m hoping for.”

K) And, despite setbacks, the tide may finally be turning. California legislators passed a bill last year that will bring ethnic studies to all its public high schools. Some school districts, including San Francisco and Los Angeles, already offer ethnic studies at its high schools. High schools in Portland, Chicago, and elsewhere have either implementedor will soon introduce ethnic studies classes. And, as more high schools begin teaching it, the door could crack open for middle schools, and, perhaps inevitably, elementary schools, to incorporate a truly more multicultural curriculum. Doing so will send an important message to the nation’s youngest citizens: Whatever your race or ethnicity, you matter. Your history matters. Your story matters.

请填入大写字母。

   1    While cultural holidays are celebrated, the injustices experienced by Asian Americans are not exposed in elementary school classrooms.

   2   Little information can be found about Chinese immigrants in the author’s school library.

   3    A middle school teacher is making a great effort to help students learn about the contributions made by Chinese immigrants to America.

   4    No Asian Americans were included in the list of historical figures recommended for study in K-12 classrooms.

   5   There is an obvious lack of teachers with a multicultural perspective to meet the curriculum challenges in America.

   6   Students of ethnic backgrounds learn better from a multicultural curriculum.

   7    Now more and more high schools in America are including ethnic studies in their curriculums.

   8   A study of some K-12 textbooks and teacher manuals showed that Asian Americans were inadequately and improperly represented in them.

   9    When taking a class in college, the author realized that a lot of information about Asian Americans was left out of the textbooks he studied.

   10   An Asian-American studies professor placed greater emphasis on teacher training than on teachers’ background.

36. 虽然人们在小学课堂上会庆祝一些文化节日，但亚裔美国人所遭遇的不公平对待并没有被提及。

解析 E。由cultural holidays are celebrated、injustices 和elementary school classrooms 可定位至E 段第4 句。小学教室里会庆祝一些文化节日——过农历新年、包红包、舞狮子——但这些反倒很快就掩饰了亚裔美国人所遭遇的挑战和不公平待遇。题目的experienced by 和are not exposed 对应have faced 和gloss over，故E 为正确答案。

37. 作者所在学校的图书馆里，几乎找不到关于中国移民的信息。

解析 B。由Little information、Chinese immigrants 和the author’s school library 可定位至B 段。作者和他的同学们去学校图书馆搜寻资料，图书管理员查了一下图书目录，然后翻到关于加利福尼亚州早期中国移民的那一页。那就是我们学校整个图书馆里所有的资料了，而我们学校就坐落在旧金山，美国第一处唐人街所在地。由此可知，作者所在学校的图书馆里， 关于中国移民的信息只有一页内容，资料非常少，故B 为正确答案。

38. 一位中学老师正在努力帮助学生了解中国移民对美国做出的贡献。

解析 J。由A middle school teacher 和contributions made by Chinese immigrants 可定位至J 段。有一些老师正在想办法让学生去接触亚裔美国人的相关话题，威尔逊· 王带领一个五年级新生班级参加一场以中国文化和华裔美国人社区为主题的日营活动，让学生们学习到中国移民是如何在加利福尼亚州建造铁路的。这位中学老师通过组织夏令营的方法让学生们了解中国移民对美国做出的贡献。故J 为正确答案。

39. 亚裔美国人没有被列入中小学推荐学习的历史人物名单中。

解析 F。由No Asian Americans 和the list of historical figures recommended for study 可定位至F 段。克里斯汀· 斯里特教授研究了中小学的课程内容。在推荐学习的近100 名美国人中，77% 是白人，18% 是非裔美国人，4% 是印第安人，1% 是拉丁美洲人。没有一个是亚裔美国人。由此可知，在中小学推荐学习的历史人物名单中没有亚裔美国人。故F 为正确答案。

40. 在美国，显然缺乏具有多元文化视角的教师来应对课程挑战。

解析 H。由lack of teachers、multicultural perspective 和meet the curriculum challenges 可定位至H 段第1 句。拥有多元文化背景或接受过培训的教师或许能够应对这些课程挑战，但这样的教师少之又少。an obvious lack 对应they’re few and far between，meet the curriculum challenges 对应overcome such curriculum challenges，故H 为正确答案。

41. 有不同种族背景的学生能从多元文化课程中学得更好。

解析 D。由Students of ethnic backgrounds learn better 和multicultural curriculum 可定位至D 段。各个种族的学生都可以从多元文化课程中获益。有色人种的学生如果看到自己的种族出现在所学内容中，通常会更加投入，取得更好的成绩。由此可知，有不同种族背景的学生能从多元文化课程中学得更好。故D 为正确答案。

42. 现在，美国越来越多的高中将种族教育纳入了其课程中。

解析 K。由more and more high schools 和ethnic studies 可定位至K 段第3-4 句。包括旧金山和洛杉矶在内的一些学区已经在其高中开设了种族教育课程。波特兰、芝加哥等其他地方的高中也已经开始或计划纳入种族学习课程。由此可知，在美国，越来越多的高中把种族教育纳入课程当中。including ethnic studies 对应offer ethnic studies 和implemented or will soon introduce ethnic studies，故K 为正确答案。

43. 一项针对部分中小学教材和教师手册的研究表明，亚裔美国人的形象在这些教材中的呈现不充分且不恰当。

解析 G。由K-12 textbooks and teacher manuals 和inadequately and improperly represented 可定位至G 段第3 句。尼古拉斯· 哈特勒普教授对中小学的社会研究课本和教师手册进行了研究，他发现亚裔美国人没有在课本上获得充分展示已经算是最好的情况了，最坏的情况是带有种族主义色彩地对亚裔美国人进行拙劣的模仿。因此，亚裔美国人的形象没有被充分、恰当地呈现在中小学的教材中。题目的inadequately and improperly represented 对应poorly represented 和subjected to racist caricatures，故G 为正确答案。

44. 在大学的一门课上，作者意识到他之前学过的课本中漏掉了很多关于亚裔美国人的信息。

解析 C。由college、information about Asian Americans 和left out of the textbooks 可定位至C 段。作者在大学上亚裔美国人历史的入门课时，终于有机会学习到了有关亚裔美国人的历史。他这才意识到他之前学习的课本中缺失了很多有关亚裔美国人的信息。题目的left out of the textbooks 对应how much had been missing in my textbooks，故C 为正确答案。

45. 一位研究亚裔美国人的教授更注重的是教师培训，而不是教师的背景。

解析 I。由An Asian-American studies professor、teacher training 和teachers’ background 可定位至I 段第1-2 句。研究亚裔美国人的教授艾莉森· 汀提昂库- 古博拉斯说到，如何教授种族和民族的问题至关重要，这与老师的背景没有太大关系，而是与培训有关。这位教授更注重的是教师培训，而不是教师的背景，故I 为正确答案。