Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds?

A) The economist J. K. Galbraith once wrote, “Faced with a choice between changing one’s mind and proving there is no need to do so, almost everyone gets busy with the proof.”

B) Leo Tolstoy was even bolder: “The most difficult subjects can be explained to the most slow-witted man if he has not formed any idea of them already; but the simplest thing cannot be made clear to the most intelligent man if he is firmly persuaded that he knows already, without a shadow of a doubt, what is laid before him.”

C) What’s going on here? Why don’t facts change our minds? And why would someone continue to believe a false or inaccurate idea anyway? How do such behaviors serve us? Humans need a reasonably accurate view of the world in order to survive. If your model of reality is wildly different from the actual world, then you struggle to take effective actions each day. However, truth and accuracy are not the only things that matter to the human mind. Humans also seem to have a deep desire to belong.

D) In Atomic Habits, I wrote, “Humans are herd animals. We want to fit in, to bond with others, and to earn the respect and approval of our peers. Such inclinations are essential to our survival. For most of our evolutionary history, our ancestors lived in tribes. Becoming separated from the tribe—or worse, being cast out—was a death sentence.”

E) Understanding the truth of a situation is important, but so is remaining part of a tribe. While these two desires often work well together, they occasionally come into conflict. In many circumstances, social connection is actually more helpful to your daily life than understanding the truth of a particular fact or idea. The Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker put it this way, “People are embraced or condemned according to their beliefs, so one function of the mind may be to hold beliefs that bring the belief-holder the greatest number of allies, protectors, or disciples (信徒), rather than beliefs that are most likely to be true.”

F) We don’t always believe things because they are correct. Sometimes we believe things because they make us look good to the people we care about. I thought Kevin Simler put it well when he wrote, “If a brain anticipates that it will be rewarded for adopting a particular belief, it’s perfectly happy to do so, and doesn’t much care where the reward comes from—whether it’s pragmatic (实用主义的) (better outcomes resulting from better decisions), social (better treatment from one’s peers), or some mix of the two.”

G) False beliefs can be useful in a social sense even if they are not useful in a factual sense. For lack of a better phrase, we might call this approach “factually false, but socially accurate.” When we have to choose between the two, people often select friends and family over facts. This insight not only explains why we might hold our tongue at a dinner party or look the other way when our parents say something offensive, but also reveals a better way to change the minds of others.

H) Convincing someone to change their mind is really the process of convincing them to change their tribe. If they abandon their beliefs, they run the risk of losing social ties. You can’t expect someone to change their mind if you take away their community too. You have to give them somewhere to go. Nobody wants their worldview torn apart if loneliness is the outcome.

I) The way to change people’s minds is to become friends with them, to integrate them into your tribe, to bring them into your circle. Now, they can change their beliefs without the risk of being abandoned socially.

J) Perhaps it is not difference, but distance, that breeds tribalism and hostility. As proximity increases, so does understanding. I am reminded of Abraham Lincoln’s quote, “I don’t like that man. I must get to know him better.”

K) Facts don’t change our minds. Friendship does. Years ago, Ben Casnocha mentioned an idea to me that I haven’t been able to shake: The people who are most likely to change our minds are the ones we agree with on 98 percent of topics. If someone you know, like, and trust believes a radical idea, you are more likely to give it merit, weight, or consideration. You already agree with them in most areas of life. Maybe you should change your mind on this one too. But if someone wildly different than you proposes the same radical idea, well, it’s easy to dismiss them as nuts.

L) One way to visualize this distinction is by mapping beliefs on a spectrum. If you divide this spectrum into 10 units and you find yourself at Position 7, then there is little sense in trying to convince someone at Position 1. The gap is too wide. When you’re at Position 7, your time is better spent connecting with people who are at Positions 6 and 8, gradually pulling them in your direction.

M) The most heated arguments often occur between people on opposite ends of the spectrum, but the most frequent learning occurs from people who are nearby. The closer you are to someone, the more likely it becomes that the one or two beliefs you don’t share will bleed over into your own mind and shape your thinking. The further away an idea is from your current position, the more likely you are to reject it outright. When it comes to changing people’s minds, it is very difficult to jump from one side to another. You can’t jump down the spectrum. You have to slide down it.

N) Any idea that is sufficiently different from your current worldview will feel threatening. And the best place to ponder a threatening idea is in a non-threatening environment. As a result, books are often a better vehicle for transforming beliefs than conversations or debates. In conversation, people have to carefully consider their status and appearance. They want to save face and avoid looking stupid. When confronted with an uncomfortable set of facts, the tendency is often to double down on their current position rather than publicly admit to being wrong. Books resolve this tension. With a book, the conversation takes place inside someone’s head and without the risk of being judged by others. It’s easier to be open-minded when you aren’t feeling defensive.

O) There is another reason bad ideas continue to live on, which is that people continue to talk about them. Silence is death for any idea. An idea that is never spoken or written down dies with the person who conceived it. Ideas can only be remembered when they are repeated. They can only be believed when they are repeated. I have already pointed out that people repeat ideas to signal they are part of the same social group. But here’s a crucial point most people miss: People also repeat bad ideas when they complain about them. Before you can criticize an idea, you have to reference that idea. You end up repeating the ideas you’re hoping people will forget—but, of course, people can’t forget them because you keep talking about them. The more you repeat a bad idea, the more likely people are to believe it.

P) Let’s call this phenomenon Clear’s Law of Recurrence: The number of people who believe an idea is directly proportional to the number of times it has been repeated during the last year—even if the idea is false.

请输入大写字母。

   1    According to the author, humans can hardly survive if separated from their community.

   2   People often accept false beliefs because they prioritize social bonds rather than facts.

   3    Most often people learn from those close to them.

   4    Sometimes people adopt certain beliefs in order to leave a favorable impression on those dear to them.

   5    Compared with face-to-face communication, books often provide a better medium for changing people’s beliefs.

   6    On many occasions in daily life, people benefit more from their social bonds than from knowing the truth.

   7    If you want to change somebody’s beliefs, you should first establish social connection with them.

   8    Humans cannot survive without a fair knowledge of the actual world.

   9    Repetition of bad ideas increases their chances of being accepted.

   10    Nobody is willing to give up their beliefs at the risk of getting isolated.

36. 作者认为，人类如果脱离群体，将很难生存。

【解析】D。由hardly survive if separated from their community可定位至D段第5句：与群族分离——或者更糟的是，被驱逐出群族——无异于被判了死刑。原文tribe对应题目中的community，a death sentence是题目中hardly survive的同义表述。故D为正确答案。

37. 人们经常接受错误的观点，因为他们会优先考虑社会关系而不是事实。

【解析】G。由accept false beliefs和prioritize social bonds rather than facts可定位至G段第1句和第3句：错误观点在社交意义上是有用的，即使它们在事实意义上没有用处。当我们不得不在两者之间做出选择时，人们往往选择朋友和家人而不是事实。often和false beliefs原词复现，原文friends and family是题目中social bonds的同义替换，select… over…是题目中prioritize… rather than…的同义表述。故G为正确答案。

38. 大多数情况下，人们会向身边关系亲密的人学习。

【解析】M。由people learn from those close to them可定位至M段第1-2句：最激烈的争论往往发生在两个极端的人之间，而最频繁的学习则发生在附近的人身上。你和某人距离越近，他的一两个你并不赞同的观点就越有可能渗入你的头脑，变成你的思想。原文the most frequent learning occurs from…是题目中Most often people learn from…的同义表述。故M为正确答案。

39. 有时人们接受某些观点是为了给他们所在乎的人留下好印象。

【解析】F。由leave a favorable impression on those dear to them可定位至F段第1-2句：我们并不总是因为某件事是正确的就相信它。有时候我们相信一些事情，是因为它们让我们在我们在乎的人面前显得很优秀。原文Sometimes we believe things对应题目中的Sometimes people adopt certain beliefs，make us look good to the people we care about是题目中leave a favorable impression on those dear to them的同义表述。故F为正确答案。

40. 与面对面交流相比，书籍往往是改变人们观念的更好媒介。

【解析】N。由face-to-face communication、books、a better medium可定位至N段第3句：因此，与对话或辩论相比，书籍往往是更好的改变观点的工具。原文conversations or debates是题目中face-to-face communication的同义表述，vehicle是题目中medium的同义替换。故N为正确答案。

41. 在日常生活中的许多场合，人们从他们的社会关系中获益比从了解真相中获益更多。

【解析】E。由benefit more from their social bonds than from knowing the truth可定位至E段第3句：在很多情况下，社会关系实际上比理解某个特定事实或想法的真实性更有助于你的日常生活。原文In many circumstances是题目中On many occasions的同义表述，…is actually more helpful… than…是题目中benefit more from… than from…的同义表述。故E为正确答案。

42. 如果你想改变某人的想法，你应该首先与他们建立社会关系。

【解析】I。由change somebody’s beliefs和first establish social connection可定位至I段第1句：改变人们想法的方法是与他们成为朋友，将他们融入你的群族，将他们带入你的圈子。原文The way to… is to…是题目中If you want to… you should first…的同义表述，change people’s minds是题目中change somebody’s beliefs的同义表述。故I为正确答案。

43. 没有对现实世界的合理了解，人类就无法生存。

【解析】C。由a fair knowledge of the actual world可定位至C段第5句：为了生存，人类需要对世界有一个相当准确的看法。原文need… in order to survive是题目中cannot survive without…的同义表述，a reasonably accurate view of the world是题目中a fair knowledge of the actual world的同义表述。故C为正确答案。

44. 重复错误的想法会增加它们被接受的概率。

【解析】O。由Repetition of bad ideas可定位至O段最后1句：你越是重复一个糟糕的想法，人们就越有可能相信它。bad idea原词复现，原文the more likely people are to believe it是题目中increases their chances of being accepted的同义表述。故O为正确答案。

45. 没有人愿意冒着被孤立的风险放弃自己的观点。

【解析】H。由Nobody is willing to give up their beliefs可定位至H段第2句和第5句：如果他们放弃自己的观点，他们就有失去社会关系的风险。如果打破世界观的结局是孤身一人，那么没人会愿意这么做。原文Nobody wants their worldview torn apart是题目中Nobody is willing to give up their beliefs的同义表述，loneliness是题目中getting isolated的同义替换。故H为正确答案。

Do Music Lessons Really Make Children Smarter?

A) A recent analysis found that most research mischaracterizes the relationship between music and skills enhancement.

B) In 2004, a paper appeared in the journal Psychological Science, titled “Music Lessons Enhance IQ.” The author, composer and psychologist Glenn Schellenberg had conducted an experiment with 144 children randomly assigned to four groups: one learned the keyboard for a year, one took singing lessons, one joined an acting class, and a control group had no extracurricular training. The IQ of the children in the two musical groups rose by an average of seven points in the course of a year; those in the other two groups gained an average of 4.3 points.

C) Schellenberg had long been skeptical of the science supporting claims that music education enhances children’s abstract reasoning, math, or language skills. If children who play the piano are smarter, he says, it doesn’t necessarily mean they are smarter because they play the piano. It could be that the youngsters who play the piano also happen to be more ambitious or better at focusing on a task. Correlation, after all, does not prove causation.

D) The 2004 paper was specifically designed to address those concerns. And as a passionate musician, Schellenberg was delighted when he turned up credible evidence that music has transfer effects on general intelligence. But nearly a decade later, in 2013, the Education Endowment Foundation funded a bigger study with more than 900 students. That study failed to confirm Schellenberg’s findings, producing no evidence that music lessons improved math and literacy skills.

E) Schellenberg took that news in stride while continuing to cast a skeptical eye on the research in his field. Recently, he decided to formally investigate just how often his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience make what he believes are erroneous—or at least premature—causal connections between music and intelligence. His results, published in May, suggest that many of his peers do just that.

F) For his recent study, Schellenberg asked two research assistants to look for correlational studies on the effects of music education. They found a total of 114 papers published since 2000. To assess whether the authors claimed any causation, researchers then looked for telltale verbs in each paper’s title and abstract, verbs like “enhance,” “promote,” “facilitate,” and “strengthen.” The papers were categorized as neuroscience if the study employed a brain imaging method like magnetic resonance, or if the study appeared in a journal that had “brain,” “neuroscience,” or a related term in its title. Otherwise the papers were categorized as psychology. Schellenberg didn’t tell his assistants what exactly he was trying to prove.

G) After computing their assessments, Schellenberg concluded that the majority of the articles erroneously claimed that music training had a causal effect. The overselling, he also found, was more prevalent among neuroscience studies, three quarters of which mischaracterized a mere association between music training and skills enhancement as a cause-and-effect relationship. This may come as a surprise to some. Psychologists have been battling charges that they don’t do “real” science for some time—in large part because many findings from classic experiments have proved unreproducible. Neuroscientists, on the other hand, armed with brain scans and EEGs (脑电图), have not been subject to the same degree of critique.

H) To argue for a cause-and-effect relationship, scientists must attempt to explain why and how a connection could occur. When it comes to transfer effects of music, scientists frequently point to brain plasticity—the fact that the brain changes according to how we use it. When a child learns to play the violin, for example, several studies have shown that the brain region responsible for the fine motor skills of the left hand’s fingers is likely to grow. And many experiments have shown that musical training improves certain hearing capabilities, like filtering voices from background noise or distinguishing the difference between the consonants (辅音) ‘b’ and ‘g’.

I) But Schellenberg remains highly critical of how the concept of plasticity has been applied in his field. “Plasticity has become an industry of its own,” he wrote in his May paper. Practice does change the brain, he allows, but what is questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions, such as those responsible for spatial reasoning or math problems.

J) Neuropsychologist Lutz Jäncke agrees. “Most of these studies don’t allow for causal inferences,” he said. For over two decades, Jäncke has researched the effects of music lessons, and like Schellenberg, he believes that the only way to truly understand their effects is to run longitudinal studies. In such studies, researchers would need to follow groups of children with and without music lessons over a long period of time—even if the assignments are not completely random. Then they could compare outcomes for each group.

K) Some researchers are staring to do just that. The neuroscientist Peter Schneider from Heidelberg University in Germany, for example, has been following a group of children for ten years now. Some of them were handed musical instruments and given lessons through a school-based program in the Ruhr region of Germany called Jedem Kind ein Instrument, or “an instrument for every child,” which was carried out with government funding. Among these children, Schneider has found that those who were enthusiastic about music and who practiced voluntarily showed improvements in hearing ability, as well as in more general competencies, such as the ability to concentrate.

L) To establish whether effects such as improved concentration are caused by music participation itself, and not by investing time in an extracurricular activity of any kind, Assal Habibi, a psychology professor at the University of Southern California, is conducing a five-year longitudinal study with children from low-income communities in Los Angeles. The youngsters fall into three groups: those who take after-school music, those who do after-school sports, and those with no structured after-school program at all. After two years, Habibi and her colleagues reported seeing structural changes in the brains of the musically trained children, both locally and in the pathways connecting different parts of the brain.

M) That may seem compelling, but Habibi’s children were not selected randomly. Did the children who were drawn to music perhaps have something in them from the start that made them different but eluded the brain scanners? “As somebody who started taking piano lessons at the age of five and got up every morning at seven to practice, that experience changed me and made me part of who I am today,” Schellenberg said. “The question is whether those kinds of experiences do so systematically across individuals and create exactly the same changes. And I think that is that huge leap of faith.”

N) Did he have a hidden talent that others didn’t have? Or more endurance than his peers? Music researchers tend, like Schellenberg, to be musicians themselves, and as he noted in his recent paper, “the idea of positive cognitive and neural side effects from music training (and other pleasurable activities) is inherently appealing.” He also admits that if he had children of his own, he would encourage them to take music lessons and go to university. “I would think that it makes them better people, more critical, just wiser in general,” he said.

O) But those convictions should be checked at the entrance to the lab, he added. Otherwise, the work becomes religion or faith. “You have to let go of your faith if you want to be a scientist.”

请输入大写字母。

   1   Glenn Schellenberg’s latest research suggests many psychologists and neuroscientists wrongly believe in the causal relationship between music and IQ.

   2   The belief in the positive effects of music training appeals to many researchers who are musicians themselves.

   3   Glenn Schellenberg was doubtful about the claim that music education helps enhance children’s intelligence.

  4  Glenn Schellenberg came to the conclusion that most of the papers assessed made the wrong claim regarding music’s effect on intelligence.

   5    You must abandon your unverified beliefs before you become a scientist.

   6    Lots of experiments have demonstrated that people with music training can better differentiate certain sounds.

   7    Glenn Schellenberg’s findings at the beginning of this century were not supported by a larger study carried out some ten years later.

  8    One researcher shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view that it is necessary to conduct long-term developmental studies to understand the effects of music training.

   9    Glenn Schellenberg’s research assistants had no idea what he was trying to prove in his new study.

   10   Glenn Schellenberg admits that practice can change certain areas of the brain but doubts that the change can affect other areas.

36. 格伦·谢伦伯格的最新研究表明，许多心理学家和神经学家都错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系。

【解析】E。由psychologists and neuroscientists wrongly believe和causal relationship between music and IQ可定位至E段第2-3句：最近，他决定正式调查他在心理学和神经科学领域的同事们在音乐和智力之间建立错误的——或至少是草率的——因果关系的频率。他的研究结果在5月份得以发表，表明他的许多同侪都是这样做的。原文researchers in psychology and neuroscience是题目中psychologists and neuroscientists的同义替换，erroneous是题目中wrongly believe的同义替换，causal connections between music and intelligence是题目中causal relationship between music and IQ的同义表述。故E为正确答案。

37. 音乐训练具有积极作用的观念吸引了许多本身就是音乐家的研究人员。

【解析】N。由positive effects of music training和researchers who are musicians可定位至N段第3句：和谢伦伯格一样，音乐研究人员本身也倾向于成为音乐家，正如他在最近的论文中指出的那样，“音乐训练（以及其他令人愉悦的活动）会产生积极的认知和神经副作用，这一想法本身就很有吸引力”。原文appealing是题目中appeals to的复现，musicians themselves也是原词复现。故N为正确答案。

38. 格伦·谢伦伯格对音乐教育有助于提高儿童智力的说法表示怀疑。

【解析】C。由doubtful和enhance children’s intelligence可定位至C段第1句：对于那些证实音乐教育能够提升儿童抽象思维、数学或语言方面技能的说法的科学研究，谢伦伯格长期以来一直持怀疑态度。原文skeptical是题目中doubtful的同义替换，abstract reasoning、math和or language skills是题目中intelligence的具体体现。故C为正确答案。

39. 格伦•谢伦伯格得出的结论是，大多数被评估的论文在音乐对智力的影响方面都做出了错误的判断。

【解析】G。由papers assessed made the wrong claim可定位至G段第1-2句：在计算了助手的评估结果后，谢伦伯格得出结论，大多数文章都错误地宣称音乐培训有因果效应。他还发现，这种夸大其词在神经科学研究中更为普遍，其中四分之三的研究都错误地将音乐训练和技能提升之间单纯的相关性定性为因果关系。原文concluded是题目中came to the conclusion的同义替换，the majority of the articles是题目中most of the papers的同义表述，erroneously claimed是题目中made the wrong claim的同义表述。故G为正确答案。

40. 在你成为科学家之前，你必须放弃你那些未经证实的信仰。

【解析】O。由abandon your unverified beliefs可定位至O段第3句：如果你想成为一名科学家，就必须放下你的信仰。原文have to… if…是题目中must… before…的同义表述，let go of your faith是题目中abandon your unverified beliefs的同义表述。故O为正确答案。

41. 大量实验表明，受过音乐训练的人能够更好地区分某些声音。

【解析】H。由differentiate certain sounds可定位至H段第4句：许多实验表明，音乐训练可以提高某些听力能力，比如从背景噪音中过滤声音，或者区分辅音“b”和“g”之间的差异。原文中的两个例子是题目中differentiate certain sounds的具体体现。故H为正确答案。

42. 格伦•谢伦伯格在本世纪初的发现并没有得到大约10年后进行的一项更大规模研究的验证。

【解析】D。由the beginning of this century和a larger study carried out some ten years later可定位至D段第3-4句：但在近10年后的2013年，教育捐赠基金会资助了一项规模更大的研究，有900多名学生参加。这项研究未能证实谢伦伯格的发现，没有证据表明音乐课能提高数学和读写能力。原文B failed to confirm A是题目中A were not supported by B的同义表述，a decade later是题目中ten years later的同义替换。故D为正确答案。

43. 一位研究人员赞同格伦·谢伦伯格的观点，即有必要进行长期的发展研究，以了解音乐训练的效果。

【解析】J。由necessary to conduct long-term developmental studies可定位至J段第3句：二十多年来，扬克一直在研究音乐课的影响，和谢伦伯格一样，他认为真正了解音乐课影响的唯一方法是进行纵向研究。原文the only way是题目中necessary的同义表述，run longitudinal studies是题目中conduct long-term developmental studies的同义表述。故J为正确答案。

44. 格伦·谢伦伯格的研究助理不知道他想在新研究中证明什么。

【解析】F。由research assistants had no idea可定位至F段第6句：谢伦伯格没有告诉他的助手他到底想证明什么。题目是对原文的合理推导，assistants为原词复现。故F为正确答案。

45. 格伦·谢伦伯格承认，练习可以改变大脑的某些区域，但怀疑这种改变会影响其他区域。

【解析】I。由admits that practice can change certain areas of the brain和doubts that the change can affect other areas可定位至I段第3句：他承认，练习确实会改变大脑，但值得怀疑的是，这些变化会影响大脑的其他区域，比如负责空间推理或数学问题的区域。原文allows对应题目中的admits，what is questionable对应题目中的doubts。故I为正确答案。

No One in Fashion Is Surprised That Burberry Burnt £28 Million of Stock

A) Last week, Burberry’s annual report revealed that £28.6 million worth of stock was burnt last year. The news has left investors and consumers outraged but comes as little surprise to those in the fashion industry.

B) The practice of destroying unsold stock, and even rolls of unused fabric, is commonplace for luxury labels. Becoming too widely available at a cheaper price through discount stores discourages full-price sales. Sending products for recycling leaves them vulnerable to being stolen and sold on the black market. Jasmine Bina, CEO of brand strategy agency Concept Bureau explains, “Typically, luxury brands rally around exclusivity to protect their business interests, namely intellectual property and preservation of brand equity (资产).” She stated she had heard rumors of stock burning but not specific cases until this week.

C) Another reason for the commonplace practice is a financial incentive for brands exporting goods to America. United States Customs states that if imported merchandise is unused and destroyed under their supervision, 99% of the duties, taxes or fees paid on the merchandise may be recovered. It is incredibly difficult to calculate how much dead stock currently goes to waste. While there are incentives to do it, there’s no legal obligation to report it.

D) A source, who chose to remain anonymous, shared her experience working in a Burberry store in New York in October 2016. “My job was to toss items in boxes so they could be sent to be burned. It was killing me inside because all that leather and fur went to waste and animals had to die for nothing. I couldn’t stay there any longer, their business practices threw me off the roof.” In May this year, Burberry announced it was taking fur out of its catwalk shows and reviewing its use elsewhere in the business. “Even though we asked the management, they refused to give us detailed answers as to why they would do this to their collection,” continued the source, who left her role within two weeks. She has since worked with another high-profile, luxury label.

E) In an online forum post, which asked if it’s true that Louis Vuitton burned its bags, Ahmed Bouchfaa, who claimed to work for Louis Vuitton, responded that the brand holds sales of old stock for staff members twice a year. Items which have still not sold after several sales are destroyed. “Louis Vuitton doesn’t have public sales. They either sell a product at a given price or discontinue it. This is to make sure that everybody pays the same price for an item,” he says. He goes on to disclose the strict guidelines around the employee sales: “You may buy gifts for someone, but they track each item, and if your gift ends up online they know who to ask.” One investor commenting on the Burberry figures was reportedly outraged that the unsold goods were not even offered to investors before they were destroyed.

F) Richemont, who owns several luxury brands, hit the headlines in May for taking back £437 million of watches for destruction in the last two years to avoid mark-down prices. It’s not just luxury brands either. In October last year, a Danish TV show exposed H&M for burning 12 tonnes of unsold clothing since 2013. In a statement, the high street retailer defended itself by saying that the burnt clothing had failed safety tests: “The products to which the media are referring have been tested in external laboratories. The test results show that one of the products is mold infested and the other product contains levels of lead that are too high. Those products have rightly been stopped in accordance with our safety routines.” In March, a report revealed that H&M were struggling with $4.3 billion worth of unsold stock. The brand told The New York Times that the plan was to reduce prices to move the stock, arguably encouraging consumers to buy and throw away with little thought.

G) Over-production is perhaps the biggest concern for Burberry. While there has been much outrage at the elitist connotation of burning goods rather than making them affordable, executives at the British fashion house are no doubt struggling to defend how they miscalculated production. The waste has been put down to burning old cosmetic stock to make way for their new beauty range. However, while the value of destroyed stock is up from £26.9 million last year, it’s an even more significant increase from 2016’s figure of £18.8 million, highlighting that this is an ongoing issue.

H) In September 2016, Burberry switched to a “see now, buy now” catwalk show format. The move was a switch to leverage on the coverage of their fashion week show to make stock available immediately to consumers. This is opposed to the traditional format of presenting to the industry, taking orders for production and becoming available in six months’ time. While Burberry announced “record-breaking” online reach and engagement, there has been little evidence to suggest that the strategy has had a significant effect on sales, particularly as the hype (炒作) slows across the season. In February they made adjustments to the format, dropping some catwalk items immediately and promising that others would launch in the coming months.

I) In a statement, Burberry denied that switching to “see now, buy now” has had an impact on waste. A Burberry spokesperson further said, “On the occasions when disposal of products is necessary, we do so in a responsible manner. We are always seeking ways to reduce and revalue our waste. This is a core part of our strategy and we have forged partnerships and committed support to innovative organizations to help reach this goal.”

J) One such partnership is with Elvis & Kresse, an accessories brand working with reclaimed materials. Co-founder Kresse Wesling said, “Late last year we launched an ambitious five-year partnership with the Burberry Foundation. The main aim of this is to scale our leather rescue project, starting with off-cuts from the production of Burberry leather goods. We are working tirelessly to expand our solutions and would love to welcome anyone to our workshop, to come and see what we are doing.” At the moment, the partnership only addresses waste at the production stage and not unsold goods.

K) While these are honorable schemes, it makes it harder for Burberry to defend these latest figures. Fifteen years ago, Burberry was at crisis point as their signature check pattern was widely imitated by cheap, imitation brands. It deterred luxury consumers who found their expensive clothing more closely associated with working-class youth culture than a prestigious heritage fashion house. In the year 2004, at the height of overexposure of the Burberry check, the brand’s turnover was £715.5 million. Under Christopher Bailey as creative director, they turned the brand around and this past year revenue hit £2.73 billion.

L) Bina believes that brands need to readdress their exclusivity tactic. “Exclusivity is starting to be challenged,” she says. “I think that goes hand in hand with how luxury itself is being challenged. Access to fashion, and the brand who police it, are becoming less and less relevant. Things like health, enlightenment, and social and environmental responsibility are the new luxuries. These all come from within, not without. That’s the challenge that traditional luxury brands will have to contend with in the mid-to-long-term future.”

请输入大写字母。

   1   Burberry’s executives are trying hard to attribute their practice of destroying old products to miscalculated production.

   2   Selling products at a discount will do greater harm to luxury brands than destroying them.

   3   Imitated Burberry products discouraged luxury consumers from buying its genuine products.

   4   Staff members of a luxury brand may buy its old stock at cheaper prices, but they are not allowed to resell them.

   5   In future traditional luxury brands will have to adapt their business strategies to the changing concepts of luxury.

   6   One luxury brand employee quit her job because she simply couldn’t bear to see the destruction of unsold products.

   7    Destroying old stock is a practice not just of luxury brands but of less prestigious fashion brands.

   8   Burberry is working with a partner to make full use of leather materials to reduce waste.

   9   Burberry’s plan to destroy its unsold products worth millions of dollars aroused public indignation.

   10   Burberry’s change of marketing strategy to make a product available as soon as consumers see it on the fashion show did not turn out to be as effective as expected.

36. 巴宝莉的高管们正想方设法将他们销毁旧产品的做法归咎于产量计算错误。

【解析】G。由attribute their practice of destroying old products to miscalculated production可定位至G段第2-3句：尽管人们对焚烧商品而不是让商品降价所隐含的精英主义感到愤怒，但这家英国时装公司的高管们无疑正在想方设法为自己对产量的错误计算进行辩护。产品浪费被他们归因于让烧掉的化妆品旧库存给新的美妆系列产品让路。原文struggling是题目中trying hard的同义替换，has been put down to是题目中attribute… to的同义表述。故G为正确答案。

37. 打折销售产品对奢侈品牌的伤害比销毁它们更大。

【解析】B。由at a discount和greater harm to luxury brands than destroying them可定位至B段第1-2句：对于奢侈品牌来说，销毁未售出的库存，甚至是未用过的一卷一卷的布料，是司空见惯的事。通过折扣店以更低的价格出售过剩的商品会阻碍其全价销售。题目是对于原文这两句话的合理推导，原文at a cheaper price through discount stores是题目中at a discount的同义表述。故B为正确答案。

38. 仿冒的巴宝莉产品使奢侈品消费者不敢购买正品。

【解析】K。由Imitated Burberry products discouraged luxury consumers可定位至K段第2-3句：15年前，巴宝莉正处于危机时刻，因为他们标志性的格子图案被廉价的仿制品牌肆意模仿。这让奢侈品消费者望而却步，他们发现自己昂贵的服装与工薪阶层青年文化的联系比著名的传统时尚品牌更紧密。原文deterred是题目中discourage的同义替换。故K为正确答案。

39. 奢侈品牌的职员可以以更低的价格购买旧库存，但不允许转售。

【解析】E。由Staff members、buy its old stock at cheaper prices、not allowed to resell them可定位至E段第1句和第6句：在网上论坛的一则帖子中，有人问路易威登烧包的事是否属实，自称为路易威登工作的艾哈迈德·布夏法回答说，该品牌每年会为员工进行两次旧货促销。他接着披露了员工促销活动的严格准则：“你可以给别人买礼物，但他们会追踪每一件物品，如果你的礼物最终出现在网上销售，他们会知道该找谁问责”。原文if your gift ends up online they know who to ask是题目中not allowed to resell them的同义表述。故E为正确答案。

40. 在未来，传统奢侈品牌将不得不调整他们的经营策略，以适应不断变化的奢侈品概念。

【解析】L。由In future和adapt their business strategies to the changing concepts of luxury可定位至L段第5句：健康、启蒙、社会和环境责任等都是新型的奢侈品。原文the new luxuries是题目中changing concepts of luxury的同义表述。故L为正确答案。

41. 一个奢侈品牌的员工辞职了，因为她根本无法忍受看到未售出的产品被销毁。

【解析】D。由One luxury brand employee quit her job和couldn’t bear to see the destruction of unsold products可定位至D段第2-4句和第6句：“我的工作是把物品扔进箱子里，然后送去烧掉。我心里很难受，因为所有的皮革和皮毛都被浪费了，动物们白白牺牲了。我不能再呆在那里了，他们的商业行为让我大失所望。”“尽管我们问过管理层，但他们拒绝详细回答为什么要这么做，”这位两周内就离职的消息人士继续说道。原文It was killing me inside，couldn’t stay there any longer是题目中couldn’t bear to see the destruction of unsold products的同义表述，left her role是题目中quit her job的同义替换。故D为正确答案。

42. 销毁旧库存不仅是奢侈品牌的做法，也是不那么高端的时尚品牌的做法。

【解析】F。由Destroying old stock和less prestigious fashion brands可定位至F段第1-3句：历峰集团拥有多个奢侈品牌，因在过去两年中收回4.37亿英镑的手表进行销毁以避免降价而在5月份登上头条。不仅仅是奢侈品牌这样做。去年10月，一个丹麦电视节目曝光H&M自2013年以来焚烧了12吨未售出的衣服。原文提到的H&M是对题目中less prestigious fashion brands的举例。故F为正确答案。

43. 巴宝莉正与合作伙伴合作，充分利用皮革材料以减少浪费。

【解析】J。由Burberry is working with a partner to make full use和leather materials可定位至J段第2-3句：联合创始人克雷斯·韦斯林说：“去年年底，我们与巴宝莉基金会启动了一项雄心勃勃的五年合作计划。这样做的主要目的是扩大我们的皮革回收项目，从巴宝莉皮革制品生产的边角料开始”。原文leather rescue project对应题目中的make full use，leather为原词复现。故J为正确答案。

44. 巴宝莉计划销毁价值数百万美元的未售出产品，这引起了公愤。

【解析】A。由destroy its unsold products和public indignation可定位至A段：上周，巴宝莉的年度报告显示，去年价值2860万英镑的库存产品被烧毁。这一消息让投资者和消费者感到愤怒，但对时尚界人士来说，这并不令人意外。原文burnt对应题目中的destroy，has left investors and consumers outraged对应题目中的public indignation。故A为正确答案。

45. 巴宝莉改变了营销策略，让消费者在时装秀上一看到产品就能买到，但结果并没有预期的那么有效。

【解析】H。由make a product available as soon as consumers see it on the fashion show可定位至H段第1-2句和第4句：2016年9月，巴宝莉转向了“即看即买”的时装秀形式。此举是一种转变，即利用时装周秀场的报道，立即向消费者出售现货商品。尽管巴宝莉宣布了该模式“创纪录”的在线访问量和互动量，但几乎没有证据表明该策略对销售产生了重大影响，尤其是在整个销售季宣传放缓的情况下。原文fashion week show to make stock available immediately to consumers是题目中make a product available as soon as consumers see it on the fashion show的同义表述，there has been little evidence to suggest… has had a significant effect on sales是对题目中did not turn out to be as effective as expected的详细阐述。故H为正确答案。

Section B

The Compelling Case for Working a Lot Less

A) When I moved to Rome from Washington, DC, one sight struck me more than any ancient column or grand basilica: people doing nothing. I’d frequently glimpse old women leaning out of their windows, watching people pass below, or families on their evening strolls, stopping every so often to greet friends. Even ofce life proved different. Forget the rushed desk-side sandwich. Come lunchtime, restaurants flled up with professionals tucking into proper meals. Of course, ever since Grand Tourists began penning their observations in the seventeenth century, outsiders have stereotyped the idea of Italian “indolence”. And it isn’t the whole story. The same friends who headed home on their scooters for a leisurely lunch often returned to the ofce to work until 8 p.m..

B) Even so, the apparent belief in balancing hard work with il dolce far niente ( 甜蜜得无所事事 ), the sweetness of doing nothing, always struck me. After all, doing nothing appears to be the opposite of being productive. And productivity, whether creative, intellectual or industrial, is the ultimate use of our time. But as we fll our days with more and more “doing”, many of us are fnding that non-stop activity isn’t the apotheosis ( 神话 ) of productivity. It is its adversary.

C) Researchers are learning that it doesn’t just mean that the work we produce at the end of a 14-hour day is of worse quality than when we’re fresh. This pattern of working also undermines our creativity and our cognition. Over time, it can make us feel physically sick — and even, ironically, as if we have no purpose.

D) Think of mental work as doing push-ups, says Josh Davis, author of Two Awesome Hours. Say you want to do 10,000. The most “efcient” way would be to do them all at once without a break. We know instinctively, though, that that is impossible. Instead, if we did just a few at a time, between other activities and stretched out over weeks, hitting 10,000 would become far more feasible. “The brain is very much like a muscle in this respect,” Davis writes.

E) Many of us, though, tend to think of our brains not as muscles, but as a computer: a machine capable of constant work. Not only is that untrue, but pushing ourselves to work for hours without a break can be harmful, some experts say. “The idea that you can indefnitely stretch out your deep focus and productivity time to these arbitrary limits is really wrong. It’s self-defeating,” says research scientist Andrew Smart, author of Autopilot.

F) One meta-analysis found that long working hours increased the risk of coronary heart disease ( 冠 心 病 ) by 40% — almost as much as smoking (50%). Another found that people who worked long hours had a signifcantly higher risk of stroke, while people who worked more than 11 hours a day were almost 2. 5 times more likely to have a major depressive episode than those who worked seven to eight. In Japan, this has led to the disturbing trend of karoshi, or death by overwork.

G) One study of businessmen in Helsinki found that over 26 years, executives and businessmen who took fewer holidays in midlife predicted both earlier deaths and worse health in old age. Holidays also can literally pay off. One study of more than 5,000 full-time American workers found that people who took fewer than 10 of their paid holiday days a year had a little more than a one-in-three chance of getting a pay rise or a bonus over three years. People who took more than 10 days? A two in three chance.

H) It’s easy to think that efciency and productivity is an entirely new obsession. But philosopher Bertrand Russell would have disagreed. “It will be said that while a little leisure is pleasant, men would not know how to fll their days if they had only four hours’ work out of the 24,” Russell wrote in 1932, adding, “it would not have been true at any earlier period. There was formerly a capacity for light-heartedness and play which has been to some extent inhibited by the cult of efciency.”

I) Even on a global level, there is no clear correlation between a country’s productivity and average working hours. With a 38.6-hour work week, for example, the average US employee works 4. 6 hours a week longer than a Norwegian. But by GDP, Norway’s workers contribute the equivalent of ＄78.70 per hour — compared to the US’s＄69.60. As for Italy, that home of il dolce far niente? With an average 35.5-hour work week, it produces almost 40% more per hour than Turkey, where people work an average of 47.9 hours per week. It even edges the United Kingdom, where people work 36.5 hours. All of those coffee breaks, it seems, may not be so bad.

J) The reason we have eight-hour work days at all was because companies found that cutting employees’ hours had the reverse effect they expected: it upped their productivity. During the Industrial Revolution, 10-to-16-hour days were normal. Ford was the frst company to experiment with an eight-hour day — and found its workers were more productive not only per hour, but overall. Within two years, their proft margins doubled.

K) This seems borne out by how people behave during the working day. One survey of almost 2,000 full-time ofce workers in the UK found that people were only productive for 2 hours and 53 minutes out of an eight-hour day. The rest of the time was spent checking social media, reading the news, having non-work-related chats with colleagues, eating — and even searching for new jobs. Researchers like Stockholm University psychologist K Anders Ericsson have found that when engaging in the kind of “deliberate practice” necessary to truly master any skill, we need more breaks than we think. Most people can only handle an hour without taking a rest. And many at the top, like elite musicians, authors and athletes, never dedicate more than fve hours a day consistently to their craft.

L) But “rest”, as some researchers point out, isn’t necessarily the best word for what we’re doing when we think we’re doing nothing. As we’ve written about before, the part of the brain that activates when you’re doing “nothing”, known as the default-mode network (DMN), plays a crucial role in memory consolidation and envisioning the future. It’s also the area of the brain that activates when people are watching others, thinking about themselves, making a moral judgment or processing other people’s emotions. In other words, if this network was switched off, we might struggle to remember, foresee consequences, grasp social interactions, understand ourselves, act ethically or empathise with others — all of the things that make us not only functional in the workplace, but in life. “It helps you recognise the deeper importance of situations. It helps you make meaning out of things. When you’re not making meaning out of things, you’re just reacting and acting in the moment, and you’re subject to many kinds of cognitive and emotional maladaptive behaviours and beliefs,” says Mary Helen Immordino-Yang, a neuroscientist and researcher at the University of Southern California’s Brain and Creativity Institute.

M) We also wouldn’t be able to come up with new ideas or connections. The birthplace of creativity, the DMN lights up when you’re making associations between seemingly unrelated subjects or coming up with original ideas. It is also the place where your “ah-ha” moments lurk — which means if, like Archimedes, you got your last good idea while in the bath or on a stroll, you have your biology to thank. Perhaps most importantly of all, if we don’t take time to turn our attention inward, we lose a crucial element of happiness.

请填入大写字母。

   1    According to some experts, it is dangerous to force oneself to work without having a rest.

   2    Being deprived of rest, one may fnd himself suffering from poor memory and the difculty of predicting the future.

   3    Even those elite professionals cannot devote themselves exclusively to work longer than fve hours without rest.

   4    Italians have long been known as being lazy in the opinion of people in other countries.

   5    One expert claimed that the working principle of brain is like that of a particular exercise.

   6    Paying attention to our inner needs is of signifcant importance to our well-being.

   7    People who work longer than the typical eight hours a day start to lose their effectiveness and produce work of worse quality.

   8    Researchers discovered that working long hours may increase the risk of heart problems.

   9    Those who seldom rest in their middle ages are more likely to suffer an early death or worse health outcomes in their old ages.

  10    When we are fully occupied with things to do in the hope of increasing productivity, the results seem to be opposite.

Section B

36.  E）同义替换题。由题干中的some experts，dangerous，force oneself to work without having a rest定位到E段第二句：Not only is that untrue, but pushing ourselves to work for hours without a break can be harmful, some experts say. 都表达了“强迫自己连续工作几个小时不休息是有害的”的含义，其中dangerous和harmful属于同义替换。

37.  L) 归纳概括题。由题干中的rest, poor memory, predicting the future可定位到L段第一、二、四句：But “rest”, as some researchers point out...known as the default-mode network (DMN), plays a crucial role in memory consolidation and envisioning the future...if this network was switched off, we might struggle to remember...都表达了“休息对于巩固记忆和展望未来起着重要的作用”的含义。

38.  K) 同义替换题。由题干中的elite professionals, cannot devote themselves exclusively to work longer than five hours定位到K段最后一句：And many at the top, like elite musicians, authors and athletes, never dedicate more than five hours a day consistently to their craft. 都表达了“优秀的专业人士也不能全身心投入工作超过5个小时不休息”的含义，其中many at the top和elite professionals，never dedicate more than five hours和work longer than five hours都属于同义替换。

39.  A）同义替换题。由题干中的Italians，lazy，people in other countries定位到A段倒数第三句：Of course, ever since Grand Tourists began penning their observations in the seventeenth century, outsiders have stereotyped the idea of Italian “indolence”.都表达了“在外人眼里，意大利人一直被认为是懒惰的”的含义，其中outsiders和people in other countries，indolence和lazy都属于同义替换。

40.  D)归纳概括题。由题干中的working principle of brain, particular exercise可定位到D段的第一句和最后一句：Think of mental work as doing push-ups, says Josh Davis, author of Two Awesome Hours. “The brain is very much like a muscle in this respect,” Davis writes.都表达了“大脑的工作原理就像一项特殊的运动”的含义，其中a particular exercise指的是mental work as doing push-ups。

41.  M）句型转换题。由题干中的paying attention to, inner needs, significant importance可定位到M段最后一句：Perhaps most importantly of all, if we don’t take time to turn our attention inward, we lose a crucial element of happiness.都表达了“关注内心需求对我们的幸福是非常重要的”的含义，而原文使用的是否定句，题干使用的是陈述句。

42.  C）归纳概括题。由题干中的lose their effectiveness, produce work of worse quality可定位到C段的第一、二句：Researchers are learning that it doesn’t just mean that the work we produce at the end of a 14-hour day is of worse quality than when we’re fresh. This pattern of working also undermines our creativity and our cognition.都表达了“人长时间工作会导致工作效率和质量降低”的含义，其中undermines our creativity and our cognition就属于produce work of worse quality。

43.  F) 原文匹配题。由题干中的working long hours, increase the risk of heart problems可定位到F段第一句：One meta-analysis found that long working hours increased the risk of coronary heart disease by 40%—almost as much as smoking (50%). 都表达了“长时间工作可能会增加患心脏病的风险”的含义。

44.  G) 同义替换题。由题干中的middle ages, an early death or worse health, old age可定位到G段第一句：...executives and businessmen who took fewer holidays in midlife predicted both earlier deaths and worse health in old age. 都表达了“中年时期很少休息的人在晚年的健康状况可能会更差”的含义，其中midlife和middle ages属于同义替换。

45.  B）同义替换题。由题干中的fully occupied with things, increasing productivity, opposite 可定位到B段最后两句：But as we fill our days with more and more “doing”, many of us are finding that non-stop activity isn’t the apotheosis of productivity. It is its adversary.都表达了“不间断的工作反而不利于提高生产力”的含义，其中fully occupied with things和non-stop activity以及fill our days with more and more “doing”，opposite和adversary都属于同义替换。

Section B

How Speaking a Second Language Affects the Way You Think

A) About half of the world’s population uses a second language in their daily lives. Some areas of the world, such as Switzerland and Singapore, are bilingual hot spots where virtually everyone speaks two or more languages. However, even in America’s largest cities, there are sizable populations that speak a language other than English with family and friends.

B) The naive view is that a bilingual is a person who speaks two languages with native-like fluency. However, this kind of “balanced” bilingual is rare. In the vast majority of cases, bilinguals have a dominant native tongue and a second language they can speak with some effort. These are the kind of bilinguals that Spanish psychologist Albert Costa and his colleagues reported on in a recent article in the journal Current Directions in Psychological Science.

C) Costa and his colleagues work in Barcelona, another bilingual hot spot where many people speak both Spanish and Catalan. The team was interested in fnding out if speaking a second language affected people’s abilities to make decisions. You might think that because speaking a second language is so effortful, their decision-making processes would be impaired. But this isn’t what they found.

D) First, let’s clarify that we’re not talking about how a specifc language affects thought processes. Psychologists used to believe that thinking was “nothing more” than speech turned inwards. And since every language carves up the world in a different way, they reasoned, the language you speak constrains the way you think. This idea is known as linguistic determinism, and it has been thoroughly debunked, despite nonsense that still circulates on the Internet such as “Eskimos have 200 words for snow.” (They don’t.)

E) Rather, Costa and his colleagues were looking at how people make decisions while using their second language — whatever that language may be. So the research question is whether expending the effort of speaking a second language impacts that person’s ability to make good decisions. And the answer to that question is yes, but in unexpected ways. The researchers considered decision-making in a second language in three domains, specifcally judgments about: a. Losses, gains, and risks. b. Cause and effect. c. Moral issues. We already know a lot about how people make decisions in these realms, so let’s compare these data with performance in a second language.

F) Losses, gains, and risks. Let’s say I give you＄1.00. I then propose we flip a coin. If it comes up heads, you give me the＄1.00 back. But if it comes up tails, I’ll give you an additional＄1.50, bringing your net gain to＄2.50. Will you take the bet? Probably not. Most people prefer the safety of＄1.00 over the fifty-fifty chance of＄2.50. Plenty of research shows that people evaluate losses as greater than gains, in a process known as risk aversion. However, from a mathematical perspective, this is a good bet, because the expected value of the gamble is＄1.25 versus the sure outcome of＄1.00. Risk aversion is likely an innate intuition that colors the decision-making process.

G) When Costa and his colleagues posed this problem to participants speaking in their second language, risk aversion disappeared and they took the bet. Apparently, when these people were using their effortful second language, they no longer relied on intuition, but thought rationally instead. So, at least from a logical standpoint, they made a better decision in their non-native language.

H) Cause and effect. We humans want to have a reason for why things happen, so we often make causal explanations when in fact no such relationship exists. Superstitious ( 迷 信 的 ) behaviors arise in this way. The baseball player who hitches up his trousers, spits out his chewing tobacco, and makes the sign of the cross, in that order, before stepping up to bat really believes those behaviors will increase his chances of hitting the ball. In the laboratory, it’s quite easy to get participants to believe they’re controlling the behavior of a device — such as a pattern of flashing lights — when in fact what they’ve learned is a pattern. In other words, they think they’re controlling the device when instead they’re following it. Ordinarily, people fall prey to all sorts of logical fallacies about causal relationships. However, when they need to deal with such situations while using their second, effortful language, they’re less likely to make these kinds of mistakes in their thinking.

I) Moral issues. Moral thinking is an area where intuition and emotion dominate our decision-making processes. In one famous moral dilemma, you’re asked to imagine you’re on a footbridge over a trolley line. Five workers are on the track, and a trolley is racing toward them. A very large man is standing on the footbridge just above the track. If you push him off the bridge, his large body will stop the trolley. He’ll die, of course, but you’ll save the lives of the fve workers. Would you do this? A few people say yes, justifying the act from a utilitarian perspective as the greatest good for the greatest number. However, most say no, responding from an absolute moral perspective. Killing is wrong, even if it saves more lives in the process. Once again, when people are using their effortful second language, their thinking shifts from an intuitive to a rational (in this case, utilitarian) mode. They’re more likely to say they’ll push the large man off the bridge to save the fve workers.

J) In all three cases — judgments of risk, causation, and morality — we see a shift from intuitive to rational thinking when people use their second language. At frst, this fnding is unexpected, since rational thinking itself is more effortful than intuitive thinking. Generally speaking, when we try to engage in two effortful tasks at the same time, we perform poorly at both.

K) However, it’s also important to understand what makes thinking rationally or speaking a second language effortful. It’s not so much the demand on cognitive resources, as is the case, for example, when doing mental arithmetic or reciting the alphabet backwards. Rather, what makes rational thought or a second language difcult is the constant need to inhibit ingrained ( 根深蒂固的 ) patterns of behavior. When we speak a second language, we need to inhibit our native language. And when we think rationally, we need to inhibit our natural intuitions.

L) Brain imaging research shows that the same areas of the brain — mainly in the prefrontal cortex ( 前额叶皮质 ) — are activated both in second-language use and in rational thought. Apparently, once second-language speakers activate their brain’s inhibition center, it inhibits their intuitions and emotions too. As a result, they make more rational decisions when they’re using their second language.

请填入大写字母。

   1    Intuition and emotion play a signifcant role in ethical decisions making.

   2    It is almost impossible for a man to speak two languages with native-like fluency.

   3    People are more likely to think with conscious reasoning rather than from an absolute moral perspective when using their second language.

   4    People tend to resort to superstitions about causal cause and effect when speaking in their mother language.

   5    The idea that language limits and determines human knowledge or thought is now discredited.

   6    The same areas of the brain are activated when people are using their second-language or thinking in a rational mode.

   7    When people are using their second-language or thinking in a rational mode, they tend to control their instinctive patterns of behavior.

  8   Albert Costa’s fndings that people are more likely to rely on their conscious reasoning rather than their gut feeling turned out to be unexpected.

   9    When using a non-native language, people are more willing to take on additional risk for an investment.

   10    In bilingual hot areas, almost everyone can speak more than two languages.

Section B

36.  I) 同义替换题。由题干中的Intuition, emotion, decisions making定位到I段第1句：Moral thinking is an area where intuition and emotion dominate our decision-making processes，定位句与题干都表达了“在进行伦理思考的大脑区域中，直觉和感情占据我们决策过程的主导地位”的含义，定位句中的dominate与题干中的play a significant role属于同义替换。

37.  B) 归纳概括题。由题干中的impossible, native-like fluency可定位到B段第1-2句：The naive view is that a bilingual is a person who speaks two languages with native-like fluency. However, this kind of “balanced” bilingual is rare，定位句与题干都表达了“然而，这样的双语兼优者是非常少见的。绝大多数情况下，双语者能流利地说一门母语，还会一门使用起来较为费力的外语”的含义。定位句中的rare与题干中的almost impossible是同义表达。

38.  I) 同义替换题。由题干中的from an absolute moral perspective when using their second language定位到I段倒数第2句：Once again, when people are using their effortful second language, their thinking shifts from an intuitive to a rational (in this case, utilitarian) mode，定位句与题干都表达了“当人们使用第二语言时，他们的思维会从直觉模式转移到理性模式”的含义，定位句中their thinking shifts from an intuitive to a rational mode与题干中的think with conscious reasoning属于同义替换。

39.  H) 同义替换题。由题干中的resort to superstitions, causal cause and effect定位到H段最后2句：Ordinarily, people fall prey to all sorts of logical fallacies about causal relationships. However… in their thinking，定位句与题干都表达了“通常情况下，人们会深陷于各种关于因果关系的逻辑谬论中。然而，当人们需要在花费精力使用第二语言的同时处理这些情况，他们在思考过程中就不大可能会犯类似的错误了”的含义，定位句中的causal relationships与题干中的causal cause and effect属于同义替换。

40.  D) 同义替换题。由题干中的limits and determines, human knowledge or thought可定位到D段的最后2句：And since every language carves up the world in a different way, they reasoned, the language you speak constrains the way you think. This idea is known as linguistic determinism, and it has been thoroughly debunked, despite…，定位句与题干都表达了“我们的思考方式会受到我们使用的语言的束缚，这就是著名的‘语言决定论’。这个定论已被证明是错误的”的含义，定位句中的you speak constrains the way you think, has been thoroughly debunked是题干中的language limits and determines human knowledge or thought is now discredited的同义转换。

41.  L) 同义替换题。由题干中的brain are activated, in a rational mode可定位到L段第2句：Apparently, once second-language speakers activate their brain’s inhibition center, it inhibits their intuitions and emotions too，定位句与题干都表达了“当双语者激活大脑的抑制中心时，它会抑制他们的直觉还有情感”的含义，定位句中的activate their brains inhibition center与题干句中的The same areas of the brain are activated是同义表达。

42.  K) 归纳概括题。由题干中的using their second-language or thinking in a rational mode, instinctive patterns of behavior可定位到K段的第3-5句：…is the constant need to inhibit ingrained patterns of behavior. When we speak a second language, we need to inhibit our native language. And when we think rationally, we need to inhibit our natural intuitions，定位句与题干都表达了“当我们使用第二语言时，我们需要抑制自己的母语。当我们理性地思考时，我们需要抑制自己的直觉”的含义，定位段中ingrained patterns of behavior与题干句in a rational mode是同义表达。除此之外，定位段中的we need to inhibit our natural intuitions也是题干中的tend to control their instinctive patterns of behavior的同义替换。

43.  J) 同义替换题。由题干中的conscious reasoning, their gut feeling turned out to be unexpected可定位到J段第1-2句：In all three cases…we see a shift from intuitive to rational thinking when people use their second language. At first, this finding is unexpected, since rational thinking itself is more effortful than intuitive thinking，定位句与题干都表达了“我们可以看到人们在使用第二语言时思考从直觉转换成理性，这项发现是出人意料的”的含义。定位句中的this finding is unexpected与题干中的turned out to be unexpected是同义替换。

44.  G) 同义替换题。由题干中的take on additional risk可定位到G段第1句：When Costa and his colleagues posed this problem to participants speaking in their second language, risk aversion disappeared and they took the bet，定位句与题干都表达了“当科斯塔和他的同事在参与者使用第二语言的过程中提出这个问题时，‘风险规避’就消失了，他们接受了这个赌注”的含义，定位句中的risk aversion disappeared and they took the bet与题干中的willing to take on additional risk属于同义替换。

45.  A) 同义替换题。由题干中的bilingual hot areas, speak more than two languages可定位到A段第2句：Some areas of the world, such as Switzerland and Singapore, are bilingual hot spots where virtually everyone speaks two or more languages，定位句与题干都表达了“世界上的一些地方，例如瑞士、新加坡，都是双语高频地带，这些地区的每个人都会说两种或者更多种语言”的含义，定位句中的bilingual hot spots是题干中的In bilingual hot areas的同义表达。定位句中的virtually everyone speaks two or more languages也是题干中的almost everyone can speak more than two languages同义替换。

Section B

How New York’s Wealthy Parents Try to Raise “Unentitled” Kids

A) Wealthy parents seem to have it made when it comes to raising their children. They can offer their kids the healthiest foods, the most attentive caregivers, the best teachers and the most enriching experiences, from international vacations to unpaid internships in competitive fields. Yet these parents have a problem: how to give their kids these advantages while also setting limits. Almost all of the 50 afuent parents in and around New York City that I interviewed for my book Uneasy Street: The Anxieties of Affluence (2017), expressed fears that children would be “entitled” — a dirty word that meant, variously, lazy, materialistic, greedy, rude, selfsh and self-satisfed. Instead, they strove to keep their children “grounded” and “normal”. Of course, no parent wishes to raise spoiled children; but for those who face relatively few material limits, this possibility is distinctly heightened.

B) This struggle highlights two challenges that elite parents face in this particular historical moment: the stigma ( 耻辱 ) of wealth, and a competitive environment. For most of the 20th century, the United States had a quasi-aristocratic ( 准 贵 族 ) upper class, mainly white, Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) families from old money, usually listed in the Social Register. Comfortable with their inherited advantages, and secure in their economic position, they openly viewed themselves as part of a better class of people. By sending their kids to elite schools and marrying them off to the children of families in the same community, they sought to reproduce their privilege.

C) But in the past few decades this homogenous “leisure class” has declined, and the category of the “working wealthy”, especially in finance, has exploded. The ranks of high-earners have also partially diversified, opening up to people besides WASP men. This shift has led to a more competitive environment, especially in the realm of college admissions.

D) At the same time, a more egalitarian discourse has taken hold in the public sphere. As the sociologist Shamus Khan at Columbia University in New York argues in his book Privilege (2012), it is no longer legitimate for rich people to assume that they deserve their social position based simply on who they are. Instead, they must frame themselves as deserving on the basis of merit, particularly through hard work. At the same time, popular-culture images proliferate of wealthy people as greedy, lazy, shallow, materialistic or otherwise morally compromised.

E) Both competition and moral challenge have intensifed since the 2008 economic crisis. Jobs for young people, even those with college educations, have become scarcer. The crisis has also made extreme inequality more visible, and exposed those at the top to harsher public critique.

F) In this climate, it is hard to feel that being wealthy is compatible with being morally worthy, and the wealthy themselves are well aware of the problem. The parents I talked with struggle over how to raise kids who deserve their privilege, encouraging them to become hard workers and disciplined consumers. They often talked about keeping kids “normal”, using language that invoked broad “middle-class” American values. At the same time, they wanted to make sure that their children could prevail in increasingly competitive education and labour markets. This dilemma led to a profound tension between limiting and fostering privilege.

G) Parents’ educational decisions were especially marked by this conflict. Many supported the idea of public school in principle, but were anxious about large classes, lack of sports and arts programmes, and college prospects. Yet they worried that placing kids in elite private schools would distort their understanding of the world, exposing them only to extremely wealthy, “entitled” peers. Justin, a fnance entrepreneur, was conflicted about choosing private, saying: “I want the kids to be normal. I don’t want them to just be coddled, and be at a country club.” Kevin, another wealthy father, preferred public school, wanting his young son not to live in an “elitist” “narrow world” in which “you only know a certain kind of people who are all complaining about their designers and their nannies.”

H) The question of paid work also brought up this quandary ( 困境 ). All the parents I talked with wanted their kids to have a strong work ethic, with some worrying that their children would not be self-sufcient without it. But even those who could support their kids forever didn’t want to. Scott, for example, whose family wealth exceeds $50 million, was “terrifed” his kids would grow up to be “lazy jerks”. Parents also wanted to ensure children were not materialistic hyper-consumers. One father said of his son: “I want him to know limits.” Parents tied consumption to the work ethic by requiring kids to do household chores. One mother with assets in the tens of millions had recently started requiring her six-year-old to do his own laundry in exchange for his activities and other privileges.

I) This mother, and many other parents of younger children, said they would insist that their kids work for pay during high school and college, in order to learn “the value of a dollar”. Commitment to children’s employment wavered, however, if parents saw having a job as incompatible with other ways of cultivating their capacities. Kate, who had grown up middle-class, said, of her own “crappy jobs” growing up: “There’s some value to recognising this is what you have to do, and you get a paycheck, and that’s the money you have, and you budget it.” But her partner Nadine, who had inherited wealth, contrasted her daughter’s possibly “researching harbour seals in Alaska” to working for pay in a diner. She said: “Yes, you want them to learn the value of work, and getting paid for it, and all that stuff. And I don’t want my kids to be entitled. I don’t want them to be, like, silver spoon. But I also feel like life affords a lot of really exciting opportunities.”

J) The best way to help kids understand constraints, of course, is to impose them. But, despite feeling conflicted, these parents did not limit what their kids consumed in any significant way. Even parents who resisted private school tended to end up there. The limits they placed on consumption were marginal, constituting what the sociologist Allison Pugh in Longing and Belonging (2009) called “symbolic deprivation”. Facing competitive college admissions, none of the high-school-age kids of parents in my sample worked for pay; parents were more likely to describe their homework as their “job”.

K) Instead of limiting their privilege, parents tried to regulate children’s feelings about it. They wanted kids to appreciate their private education, comfortable homes, designer clothes, and (in some cases) their business-class or private travel. They emphasised that these privileges were “special” or “a treat”. As Allison said, of her family’s two annual vacations: “You don’t want your kids to take these kinds of things for granted. […They should know] most people don’t live this way. And that this is not the norm, and that you should feel this is special, and this is a treat.”

L) By the same token, they tried to fnd ways to help kids understand the “real world” — to make sure they “understand the way everyone else lives”, in the words of one millionaire mother. Another mother fostered her son’s friendship with a middle-class family who lived in a modest apartment, because, she said: “I want to keep our feet in something that’s a little more normal” than his private-school community.

M) Ideally, then, kids will be “normal”: hard workers and prudent consumers, who don’t see themselves as better than others. But at the same time, they will understand that they’re not normal, appreciating their privilege, without ever showing off. Egalitarian dispositions thereby legitimate unequal distributions, allowing children — and parents — to enjoy and reproduce their advantages without being morally compromised. These days, it seems, the rich can be entitled as long as they do not act or feel “entitled”. They can take it, as long as they don’t take it for granted.

请填入大写字母。

   1    Afuent parents face conflicts in raising kids to be diligent and prudent while giving them high-quality education and other advantages.

   2    For WASP, the most part of their fortunes were more than a generation or two old.

   3    The wealthy are recommended to build their images through diligence and morally worthy at the moment of economic inequality.

   4    Many afuent parents generally agree with the ideas of public schools but with worries.

   5    The WASP upper class has been replaced by more varied elite.

   6    Some parents instill a strong work ethic to their children by asking them to do housework.

   7    The parents did little to impose strong restrictions on their children’s consumption of material goods.

   8    The wealthy parents tried to expose their children to class difference to get a sense of a normal life.

   9    For afuent parents, their main educational issue is to place restrictions on their entitled children.

   10    The entitled parents feared that their kids wouldn’t encounter the real world if they went to the private schools.

Section B

36. F。根据题干中的conflict和diligent可定位到F段的第2句。与我交谈的父母纠结如何在培养值得享有特权孩子的同时，鼓励他们成为辛勤的劳动者和合理的消费者。定位句中的disciplined与题干中的prudent属于同义替换，故选F段。

37. B。根据题干中的WASP和more than可定位至B段。该段第2-3句说到，对于大多数20世纪的人来说，美国曾有一个准贵族的上层阶级，他们经常出现在社会名流录上，主要是一些世代富足的北美中上层白人家庭（社会上最有权势的阶层）。他们为自己继承祖辈的富足感到舒服自在。题干中的WASP为原词复现，more than对应原文中的better，故选B段。

38. D。根据题干中的The wealthy和diligence可定位至D段。该段第2-3句说到，富人认为自己的社会地位仅仅取决于自己的身份，这种想法已不再合理。相反，他们必须根据自己的优点，特别是通过努力工作，把自己界定为有资格的人。The wealthy对应原文中的rich people，diligence对应hard work，故选D段。

39. G。根据题干中的Many affluent parents、public school、worries可定位至G段前两句。父母的教育决定尤其受到这种冲突的影响。许多人原则上支持公立学校的想法，但对大班、缺乏体育和艺术课程以及大学前景感到担忧。题干中的agree with对应原文中的supported，worries对应were anxious about，故选G段。

40. C。根据题干中的WASP upper class可定位到C段第2-3句。高收入者的成员也在一定程度上多样化了，除了WASP之外，还吸纳了其他人群。定位句中的diversified是题干中more varied elite的同义替换，故选C段。

41. H。根据题干中的work ethic和house work可定位到H段倒数第1-2句。父母通过要求孩子做家务，将消费与职业道德联系在一起。一位拥有数千万资产的母亲最近开始要求她6岁的孩子自己洗衣服，以换取他玩耍和拥有其他特权的机会。原文中的tied consumption to the work ethic与题干中的instill a strong work ethic是同义表达，故选H段。

42. J。根据题干中的consumption可定位至J段第1-2句。但是，尽管存在冲突，这些父母并没有限制他们的孩子以任何具有特别意义的方式消费。原文中的did not与题干中的did little to为同义替换，题干中的impose strong restrictions on对应原文中的limit，故选J段。

43. L。根据题干中的class difference和normal life可定位至L段。另一位母亲培养她的儿子与一个住在普通公寓的中产阶级家庭的友谊，因为她说：“我想让孩子体验一种比在私立学校中与人相处的更寻常的生活。”原文中的fostered her sons friendship with a middle-class family与题干中的expose their children to class difference为同义转换。故选L段。

44. A。根据题干中的place restrictions on可定位至A段第3句。然而，这些父母却面临一个共同的问题：如何让孩子们在占有优势的同时又能需求有度。原文中的setting limits与题干中的place restrictions on为同义替换，故选A段。

45. G。根据题干中的private schools可定位G段第3句。然而他们担心，孩子们待在精英私立学校中会扭曲他们对世界的理解，让他们只能接触到极其富有、“恃宠而骄”的同伴。原文中的distort their understanding of the world是题干中的encounter the real world的同义表达，故选G段。

Section B

The Challenges for Artifcial Intelligence in Agriculture

A) A group of corn farmers stands huddled around an agronomist ( 农学家 ) and his computer on the side of an irrigation machine in central South Africa. The agronomist has just flown over the feld with a hybrid unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that takes off and lands using propellers yet maintains distance and speed for scanning vast hectares of land through the use of its fxed wings.

B) The UAV is ftted with a four spectral band precision sensor that conducts onboard processing immediately after the flight, allowing farmers and feld staff to address, almost immediately, any crop abnormalities that the sensor may have recorded, making the data collection truly real-time.

C) In this instance, the farmers and agronomist are looking to specialized software to give them an accurate plant population count. It’s been 10 days since the corn emerged and the farmer wants to determine if there are any parts of the feld that require replanting due to a lack of emergence or wind damage, which can be severe in the early stages of the summer rainy season.

D) At this growth stage of the plant’s development, the farmer has another 10 days to conduct any replanting before the majority of his fertilizer and chemical applications need to occur. Once these have been applied, it becomes economically unviable to take corrective action, making any further collected data historical and useful only to inform future practices for the season to come.

E) The software completes its processing in under 15 minutes producing a plant population count map. It’s diffcult to grasp just how impressive this is, without understanding that just over a year ago it would have taken three to five days to process the exact same data set, illustrating the advancements that have been achieved in precision agriculture and remote sensing in recent years. With the software having been developed in the United States on the same variety of crops in seemingly similar conditions, the agronomist feels confdent that the software will produce a near accurate result.

F) As the map appears on the screen, the agronomist’s face begins to drop. Having walked through the planted rows before the flight to gain a physical understanding of the situation on the ground, he knows the instant he sees the data on his screen that the plant count is not correct, and so do the farmers, even with their limited understanding of how to read remote sensing maps.

G) Hypothetically, it is possible for machines to learn to solve any problem on earth relating to the physical interaction of all things within a defned or contained environment by using artifcial intelligence and machine learning.

H) Remote sensors enable algorithms ( 算法 ) to interpret a feld’s environment as statistical data that can be understood and useful to farmers for decision-making. Algorithms process the data, adapting and learning based on the data received. The more inputs and statistical information collected, the better the algorithm will be at predicting a range of outcomes. And the aim is that farmers can use this artifcial intelligence to achieve their goal of a better harvest through making better decisions in the feld.

I) In 2011, IBM, through its R&D Headquarters in Haifa, Israel, launched an agricultural cloud-computing project. The project, in collaboration with a number of specialized IT and agricultural partners, had one goal in mind—to take a variety of academic and physical data sources from an agricultural environment and turn these into automatic predictive solutions for farmers that would assist them in making real-time decisions in the feld.

J) Interviews with some of the IBM project team members at the time revealed that the team believed it was entirely possible to “algorithm” agriculture, meaning that algorithms could solve any problem in the world. Earlier that year, IBM’s cognitive learning system, Watson, competed in the game Jeopardy against former winners Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings with astonishing results. Several years later, Watson went on to produce ground-breaking achievements in the feld of medicine.

K) So why did the project have such success in medicine but not agriculture? Because it is one of the most diffcult felds to contain for the purpose of statistical quantifcation. Even within a single feld, conditions are always changing from one section to the next. There’s unpredictable weather, changes in soil quality, and the ever-present possibility that pests and diseases may pay a visit. Growers may feel their prospects are good for an upcoming harvest, but until that day arrives, the outcome will always be uncertain.

L) By comparison, our bodies are a contained environment. Agriculture takes place in nature, among ecosystems of interacting organisms and activity, and crop production takes place within that ecosystem environment. But these ecosystems are not contained. They are subject to climatic occurrences such as weather systems, which impact upon hemispheres as a whole, and from continent to continent. Therefore, understanding how to manage an agricultural environment means taking literally many hundreds if not thousands of factors into account.

M) What may occur with the same seed and fertilizer program in the United States’ Midwest region is almost certainly unrelated to what may occur with the same seed and fertilizer program in Australia or South Africa. A few factors that could impact on variation would typically include the measurement of rain per unit of a crop planted, soil type, patterns of soil degradation, daylight hours, temperature and so forth.

N) So the problem with deploying machine learning and artifcial intelligence in agriculture is not that scientists lack the capacity to develop programs and protocols to begin to address the biggest of growers’ concerns; the problem is that in most cases, no two environments will be exactly alike, which makes the testing, validation and successful rollout of such technologies much more laborious than in most other industries.

O) Practically, to say that AI and Machine Learning can be developed to solve all problems related to our physical environment is to basically say that we have a complete understanding of all aspects of the interaction of physical or material activity on the planet. After all, it is only through our understanding of ‘the nature of things’ that protocols and processes are designed for the rational capabilities of cognitive systems to take place. And, although AI and Machine Learning are teaching us many things about how to understand our environment, we are still far from being able to predict critical outcomes in felds like agriculture purely through the cognitive ability of machines.

P) Backed by the venture capital community, which is now investing billions of dollars in the sector, most agricultural technology startups today are pushed to complete development as quickly as possible and then encouraged to flood the market as quickly as possible with their products.

Q) This usually results in a failure of a product, which leads to skepticism from the market and delivers a blow to the integrity of Machine Learning technology. In most cases, the problem is not that the technology does not work, the problem is that industry has not taken the time to respect that agriculture is one of the most uncontained environments to manage. For technology to truly make an impact on agriculture, more effort, skills, and funding is needed to test these technologies in farmers’ felds.

R) There is huge potential for artifcial intelligence and machine learning to revolutionize agriculture by integrating these technologies into critical markets on a global scale. Only then can it make a difference to the grower, where it really counts.

请填入大写字母。

   1    Farmers will not proft from replanting once they have applied most of the fertilizer and other chemicals to their felds.

   2    Agriculture differs from the medical science of the human body in that its environment is not a contained one.

   3    The agronomist is sure that he will obtain a near accurate count of plant population with his software.

   4    The application of artifcial intelligence to agriculture is much more challenging than to most other industries.

   5    Even the farmers know the data provided by the UAV is not correct.

   6    The pressure for quick results leads to product failure, which, in turn, arouses doubts about the applicability of AI technology to agriculture.

   7    Remote sensors are aimed to help farmers improve decision-making to increase yields.

   8    The farmer expects the software to tell him whether he will have to replant any parts of his farm felds.

   9    Agriculture proves very diffcult to quantify because of the constantly changing conditions involved.

   10    The same seed and fertilizer program may yield completely different outcomes in different places

Section B

答案 DLENF QHCKM

36. 一旦农民在田地里施用了大部分化肥和其他化学制剂，他们就不会从再种植中获取利润。

解析 D。 由 replanting、 applied 和 fertilizer and other chemicals 可定位至 D 段。 在作物生长的这一阶段， 农民还有额外十天的时间进行再种植（replanting）， 然后才需要大范围使用化肥和化学制剂（fertilizer and chemical applications）。 一旦施用了（applied） 这些肥料，采取补救措施在经济上就会变得行不通。 题干中的 will not profit 对应 D 段第 2 句的 economically unviable，故 D 为正确答案。

37. 农业与人体医学的不同之处在于， 农业的环境不是封闭的。

解析 L。 由 human body 和 not a contained one 可定位至 L 段。该段对比了农业与人体的不同：我们的身体（our bodies）是一个封闭的环境，而农业产生于相互作用的生物体和活动的生态系统中，这些生态系统并不是封闭的（not contained）。 所以，农业与人体医学的不同之处在于，农业的环境不是封闭的， 故 L 为正确答案。

38. 农学家确信，通过使用他的软件，他将获得近乎精准的植物种群数量。

解析 E。 由 a near accurate count 和 software 可定位至 E段最后一句。由于该软件 （software）是在美国开发的，在看起来相似的条件下，针对相同品种的作物，农学家相信该软件将能产生近乎精确的结果（a near accurate result）。 The agronomist is sure that 对应原文中的 the agronomist feels confident that，文中的 result 即指 count of plant population，故 E 为正确答案。

39. 人工智能在农业上的应用比其他大多数行业更具挑战性。

解析 N。 由 artificial intelligence to agriculture、 much more challenging 和 most other industries 可定位至 N 段。在农业中部署机器学习和人工智能（artificial intelligence in agriculture）的主要问题是，在大多数情况下， 没有两种环境是完全相同的，这使得这类技术的测试、 验证和成功推广比其他大多数行业（in most other industries）都要费力得多（much more laborious）。 故 N 为正确答案。

40. 甚至连农民都知道无人机提供的数据是不对的。

解析 F。 由 farmers、 data 和 not correct 可定位至 F 段。 第 2 句提到，农学家一看到屏幕上的数据（data） 就知道作物数量不准确（not correct）， 农民们（farmers） 也一样， 即使他们不太清楚该怎么看遥感数据图。 故 F 为正确答案。

41. 急于求成的压力导致产品失败，这反过来又会引发人们质疑人工智能技术在农业上的适用性。

解析 Q。 由 product failure 和 doubts 可定位至 Q 段第 1 句。 这通常会导致产品的失败（a failure of a product），引发市场的质疑（skepticism）， 并对机器学习技术的完整性造成打击。因此， 过快地把产品推向市场会导致产品的失败，也会引发人们对此的质疑， 故 Q 为正确答案。

42. 遥感器的目的是帮助农民改进决策以提高产量。

解析 H。 由 Remote sensors 和 decision-making 可 定 位 至 H 段 第 1 句。 遥感器（Remote sensors） 使算法能够将农田的环境解释为统计数据， 让农民可以理解这些数据， 并帮助他们做决定（decision-making）。 最后一句说到， 这样做的目的（aim）是，农民可以利用这种人工智能， 在田间做出更明智的决定， 以获得更大的丰收。 故 H 为正确答案。

43. 农民希望软件能告诉他需要在田间的哪块区域进行再种植。

解析 C。 由 expect the software 和 replant 可定位至 C 段。农民和农学家正在寻求专门的软件（software）， 来给他们提供一个准确的植物种群数量。农民想确定田里是否有哪些区域因为没出苗或风害而需要重新种植的（replant）。 因此，农民希望能通过软件得知他需要在田间的哪块区域进行再种植， 故 C 为正确答案。

44. 由于所涉及的环境条件会不断变化， 农业很难被量化。

解析 K。 由 quantify 和 constantly changing conditions 可定位至 K 段。 农业是最难进行统计量化（statistical quantification） 的领域之一。 即使在单片田地里，各个部分的条件也总是在不断变化（always changing）。 因此，农业很难被量化是因为其所处的环境总是不断变化， 故 K 为正确答案。

45. 同样的种子和施肥计划在不同的地方可能产生完全不同的结果。

解析 M。 由 The same seed and fertilizer program 可定位至 M 段第 1 句。 在美国中西部地区采用相同的种子和施肥计划（the same seed and fertilizer program） 所产生的结果，与在澳大利亚或南非采用同样的种子和施肥计划（the same seed and fertilizer program） 产生的结果是毫无关联的。 因此， 同样的种子和施肥计划在不同的地方可能产生不同的结果。 yield completely different outcomes 对应原文中的 certainly unrelated， in different places 对应原文中 的 the United States’ Midwest region 和 Australia or South Africa， 故 M 为正确答案。

Section B

Slow Hope

A) Our world is full of — mostly untold-stories of slow hope, driven by the idea that change is possible. They are ‘slow’ in their unfolding, and they are slow because they come with setbacks.

B) At the beginning of time — so goes the myth — humans suffered, shivering in the cold and dark until the titan ( 巨人 ) Prometheus stole fre from the gods. Just as in the myth, technology — frst fre and stone tools, and later farming, the steam engine and industry, fossil fuels, chemicals and nuclear power — has allowed us to alter and control the natural world. The myth also reminds us that these advances have come at a price: as a punishment for Prometheus’ crime, the gods created Pandora, and they gave her a box flled with evils and curses. When Pandora’s box was opened, it unleashed swarms of diseases and disasters upon humankind.

C) Today we can no longer ignore the ecological curses that we have released in our search for warmth and comfort. In engineering and exploiting and transforming our habitat, we have opened tens of thousands of Pandora’s boxes. In recent decades, environmental threats have expanded beyond regional boundaries to have global reach and, most hauntingly, are multiplying at a dizzying rate. On a regular basis, we are reminded that we are running out of time. Year after year, faster and faster, consumption outpaces the biological capacity of our planet. Stories of accelerated catastrophe multiply. We fear the breakdown of the electric grid, the end of non-renewable resources, the expansion of deserts, the loss of islands, and the pollution of our air and water.

D) Acceleration is the signature of our time. Populations and economic activity grew slowly for much of human history. For thousands of years and well into early modern times, world economies saw no growth at all, but from around the mid-19th century and again, in particular, since the mid-20th, the real GDP has increased at an enormous speed, and so has human consumption. In the Middle Ages, households in Central Europe might have owned fewer than 30 objects on average; in 1900, this number had increased to 400, and in 2020 to 15,000. The acceleration of human production, consumption and travel has changed the animate and inanimate spheres. It has echoed through natural processes on which humans depend. Species extinction, deforestation, damming of rivers, occurrence of floods, the depletion of ozone, the degradation of ocean systems and many other areas are all experiencing acceleration. If represented graphically, the curve for all these changes looks rather like that well-known hockey stick: with little change over millennia ( 数千年 ) and a dramatic upswing over the past decades.

E) Some of today’s narratives about the future seem to suggest that we too, like Prometheus, will be saved by a new Hercules, a divine engineer, someone who will mastermind, manoeuvre and manipulate our planet. They suggest that geoengineering, cold fusion or faster-than-light spaceships might transcend once and for all the terrestrial constraints of rising temperatures, lack of energy, scarcity of food,lack of space, mountains of waste, polluted water—you name it.

F) Yet, if we envisage our salvation to come from a deus ex machina ( 解围之神 ), from a divine engineer or a tech solutionist who will miraculously conjure up a new source of energy or another cure-all with revolutionary potency, we might be looking in the wrong place. The fact that we now imagine our planet as a whole does not mean that the ‘rescue’ of our planet will come with one big global stroke of genius and technology. It will more likely come by many small acts. Global heating and environmental degradation are not technological problems. They are highly political issues that are informed by powerful interests. Moreover, if history is a guide, then we can assume that any major transformations will once again be followed by a huge set of unintended consequences. So what do we do?

G) This much is clear: we need to fnd ways that help us flatten the hockey-stick curves that reflect our ever-faster pace of ecological destruction and social acceleration. If we acknowledge that human manipulation of the Earth has been a destructive force, we can also imagine that human endeavours can help us build a less destructive world in the centuries to come. We might keep making mistakes. But we will also keep learning from our mistakes.

H) To counter the fears of disaster, we need to identify stories, visions and actions that work quietly towards a more hopeful future. Instead of one big narrative, a story of unexpected rescue by a larger-than-life hero, we need multiple stories: we need stories, not only of what Rob Nixon of Princeton University has called the ‘slow violence’ of environmental degradation (that is, the damage that is often invisible at frst and develops slowly and gradually), but also stories of what I call ‘slow hope’.

I) We need an acknowledgement of our present ecological plight but also a language of positive change, visions of a better future. In The Principle of Hope (1954-1959), Ernst Bloch, one of the leading philosophers of the future, wrote that ‘the most tragic form of loss ... is the loss of the capacity to imagine that things could be different’. We need to identify visions and paths that will help us imagine a different, more just and more ecological world. Hope, for Bloch, has its starting point in fear, in uncertainty, and in crisis: it is a creative force that goes hand in hand with utopian ( 乌托邦的 ) ‘wishful images’. It can be found in cultural products of the past—in fairy tales, in fction, in architecture, in music, in the movies — in products of the human mind that contain ‘the outlines of a better world’. What makes us ‘authentic’ as humans are visions of our ‘potential’. In other words: living in hope makes us human.

J) The power of small, grassroots movements to make changes that spread beyond their place of origin can be seen with the Slow Food movement, which began in Italy in the 1980s. The rise of fast-food restaurants after the Second World War produced a society full of cheap, industrially made foodstuffs. Under the leadership of Carlo Petrini, the Slow Food movement began in Piedmont, a region of Italy with a long history of poverty, violence and resistance to oppression. The movement transformed it into a region hospitable to traditional food cultures—based on native plants and breeds of animals. Today, Slow Food operates in more than 160 countries, poor and rich. It has given rise to thousands of projects around the globe, representing democratic politics, food sovereignty,biodiversity and sustainable agriculture.

K) The unscrupulous (无所顾忌的) commodifcation of food and the destruction of foodstuffs will continue to devastate soils, livelihoods and ecologies. Slow Food cannot undo the irresistible developments of the global food economy, but it can upset its theorists, it can ‘speak differently’, and it can allow people and their local food traditions and environments to flourish. Even in the United States—the fast-food nation—small farms and urban gardens are on the rise. The US Department of Agriculture provides an Urban Agriculture Toolkit and, according to a recent report, American millennias (千禧一代 ) are changing their diets. In 2017, 6 per cent of US consumers claimed to be strictly vegetarian,up from 1 per cent in 2014. As more people realise that ‘eating is an agricultural act’, as the US poet and environmental activist Wendell Berry put it in 1989, slow hope advances.

请填入大写字母。

   1    It seems some people today dream that a cutting-edge new technology might save them from the present ecological disaster.

   2    According to one great thinker, it is most unfortunate if we lose the ability to think differently.

   3    Urgent attention should be paid to the ecological problems we have created in our pursuit of a comfortable life.

   4    Even in the fast-food nation America, the number of vegetarians is on the rise.

   5    The deterioration of the ecological system is accelerating because of the dramatic increase of human production and consumption.

   6    It is obvious that solutions must be found to curb the fast worsening environment and social acceleration.

   7    Many people believe changing the world is possible, though it may take time and involve setbacks.

   8    It might be wrong to expect that our world would be saved at one stroke with some miraculous technology.

   9    It is human nature to cherish hopes for a better world.

   10    Technology has given us humans the power to change the natural world, but we have paid a price for the change.

Section B

答案 EICKD GAFIB

36. 如今， 似乎有一些人梦想着会有一种新的尖端技术救他们脱离眼前的生态灾难。

解析 E。 由 some people today、 a cutting-edge new technology 和 save 可定位至 E 段。 E 段提到， 如今有些说法似乎在暗示我们要指望一位从天而降的工程师来拯救地球， 以及我们或许可以依靠地球工程、 冷聚变等技术来彻底解决地球面临的诸多环境问题。 题干与 E 段内容相符，其中 It seems some people today dream that 对应 E 段第 1 句的 Some of today’s narratives...seem to suggest that（如今一些有关未来的说法似乎暗示着）， a cutting-edge new technology 是对 E 段第 2 句中 geoengineering, cold fusion or faster-than-light spaceships（地球工程、冷聚变或超光速宇宙飞船）的概括， save them from the present ecological disaster 是对该句中的 transcend...all the terrestrial constraints of rising temperatures...polluted water（彻底超越地球上的诸多限制， 包括气温上升、 能源短缺、 食物匮乏、 空间不足、 废弃物堆积、 水源污染等等） 的概括。 故 E 为正确答案。

37. 根据一位伟大思想家的说法， 如果我们丧失了以不同的方式去思考的能力， 那将是极其不幸的。

解析 I。 由 one great thinker 和 lose the ability to think differently 可定位至 I 段。 第 2 句提到， 未来哲学的领军人物之一恩斯特 · 布洛赫在《希望的原则》 一书中写道：“最悲惨的失去……就是丧失了想象事物可以有所不同的能力。” 题干中的 one great thinker 对应第 2 句的哲学家 Ernst Bloch， most unfortunate 对应 the most tragic， if we lose the ability to think differently 是 the loss of the capacity to imagine that things could be different 的同义替换， 故 I 为正确答案。

38. 我们应该迫切关注我们在追求舒适生活的过程中所造成的生态问题。

解析 C。 由 Urgent attention、 ecological problems 和 in our pursuit of a comfortable life 可定位至 C 段。 第 1 句提到， 如今， 我们再也不能忽视为寻求温暖和舒适而释放出的生态诅咒。之后文章提到了诸多生态问题在迅速恶化，我们经常被提醒： 留给我们的时间不多了。 题干中的 ecological problems 对应 C 段第 1 句中 ecological curses， in our pursuit of a comfortable life 对应 in our search for warmth and comfort，Urgent attention 对应第 4 句的 we are running out of time，故 C 为正确答案。

39. 即使是在快餐盛行的美国， 素食者的数量也在增加。

解析 K。 由 Even in the fast-food nation America 和 vegetarians 可 定 位 至 K 段。 第 3 句 指 出， 即使在美国这个快餐盛行的国家， 小农场和城市花园的数量也在增加。 第 5 句提到， 2017 年， 美国有 6% 的消费者称自己是严格的素食主义者，这一比例超过了 2014 年的 1%。 因此， 即使是在快餐盛行的美国， 素食者的数量也在增加。 题干中的 Even in the fastfood nation America 对应 K 段第 3 句的 Even in the United States—the fast-food nation， the number...is on the rise 对应第 5 句中 1% 到 6% 的增长， 故 K 为正确答案。

40. 由于人类的生产与消耗急剧增加， 生态系统正在加速恶化。

解析 D。 由 dramatic increase of human production and consumption 可定位至 D 段第 5 句。 人类在生产、 消耗和出行方面的加速改变了有生命和无生命的领域。 而这种加速在人类赖 以生存的自然过程中得到了回应。 在物种灭绝、 森林滥伐、 河流筑坝、 洪水爆发、 臭氧耗竭、 海洋系统退化等方面和许多其他领域中都存在着加速。 由此可知，人类在生产和消耗 方面猛增导致了生态领域的加速恶化。 题干中的 The deterioration of the ecological system 对 应 D 段第 7 句中列举的生态环境恶化现象， is accelerating 对应该句中的 are all experiencing acceleration， dramatic increase 是第 5 句中 The acceleration 的同义替换， 故 D 为正确答案。

41. 显然， 人们必须找到解决办法来遏制环境的迅速恶化和社会加速现象。

解析 G。 由 obvious 和 the fast worsening environment and social acceleration 可定位至 G 段 第 1 句。 答案显而易见：我们需要找到方法， 帮助我们拉平那条反映出生态破坏加剧和社 会加速的曲线。 题干中的 obvious 对应 G 段第 1 句中的 clear， solutions must be found 是 we need to find ways 的同义替换， the fast worsening environment and social acceleration 对应原文 中 ever-faster pace of ecological destruction and social acceleration， 故 G 为正确答案。

42. 许多人相信改变世界是可能的， 尽管这需要时间， 并且会遇到挫折。

解析 A。 由 changing the world is possible 和 it may take time and involve setbacks 可定位至 A 段。 我们的世界充满了关于缓慢希望的故事， 这些故事的驱动力来自于人们相信改变是可 能的。 这些故事展开的进程会很“缓慢”， 这是因为它们常与挫折相伴而行。 题干中 Many people 对应 A 段开头的 Our world is full of， changing the world is possible 对 应 change is possible it may take time and involve setbacks 分别对应 slow 和 come with setbacks， 故 A 为正 确答案。

43. 指望某项神奇的技术可以一举拯救我们的世界， 这种想法可能是错误的。

解析 F。 由 wrong、 our world would be saved、 at one stroke 和 miraculous technology 可 定 位至 F 段。 如果我们设想我们的救赎来自于某个人能奇迹般地凭空创造出一种新能源或者 一个万全之策， 那么我们可能搞错了方向。 即使我们把地球想象成一个整体， 但这并不意 味着， 凭借天才和技术提出一个全球性的重大举措就能让我们一举“拯救”地球。 题干中 的 It might be wrong 对应 F 段第 1 句结尾的 we might be looking in the wrong place， our world would be saved 对应 F 段第 2 句的 the‘rescue’of our planet， at one stroke 对应 come with one big global stroke， 故 F 为正确答案。

44. 怀有对更美好世界的希望是人类的天性。

解析 I。 由 human nature 和 cherish hopes 可定位至 I 段最后两句。 我们对于自身“潜力” 的设想使我们成为“真正的”人类。 换言之， 生活在希望中，人才是人。 题干中的 human nature 对应 I 段倒数第 2 句中的 makes us‘authentic’as humans 和倒数第 1 句中的 makes us human， cherish hopes 对应 I 段的 living in hope， 故 I 为正确答案。

45. 科技给了我们人类改变自然界的力量， 但我们也为此付出了代价。

解析 B。 根据题干中的 Technology、 change the natural world 和 paid a price 可定位至 B 段。 该段第 2、 3 句提到， 就像神话里写的那样， 技术使我们能够改变并控制自然界。 神话还提 醒我们， 取得这些进步是要付出代价的。 题干中的 Technology 和 the natural world 为原词复 现， has given us humans the power to change 是 B 段第 2 句 has allowed us to alter 的同义替换， paid a price 对应 B 段第 3 句中的 come at a price， 故 B 为正确答案。

Section B

Why Lifelong Learning Is the International Passport to Success

A) Picture yourself at a college graduation day, with a fresh cohort ( 一群 ) of students about to set sail for new horizons. What are they thinking while they throw their caps in the air? What is it with this thin sheet of paper that makes it so precious? It’s not only the proof of acquired knowledge but plays into the reputation game of where you were trained. Being a graduate from Harvard Law School carries that extra glamour, doesn’t it? Yet take a closer look, and the diploma is the perfect ending to the modern tragedy of education.

B) Why? Because universities and curricula are designed along the three unities of French classical tragedy: time, action, and place. Students meet at the university campus (unity of place) for classes (unity of action) during their 20s (unity of time). This classical model has traditionally produced prestigious universities, but it is now challenged by the digitalisation of society—which allows everybody who is connected to the internet to access learning—and by the need to acquire skills in step with a fast-changing world. Universities must realise that learning in your 20s won’t be enough. If technological diffusion and implementation develop faster, workers will have to constantly refresh their skills.

C) The university model needs to evolve. It must equip students with the right skills and knowledge to compete in a world ‘where value will be derived largely from human interaction and the ability to invent and interpret things that machines cannot’, as the English futurist Richard Watson puts it. By teaching foundational knowledge and up-to-date skills, universities will provide students with the future-proof skills of lifelong learning, not just get them ‘job-ready’.

D) Some universities already play a critical role in lifelong learning as they want to keep the value of their diplomas. This new role comes with a huge set of challenges, and needs largely to be invented. One way to start this transformation process could be to go beyond the ‘fve-year diploma model’ to adapt curricula to lifelong learning. We call this model the lifelong passport,

E) The Bachelor’s degree could be your passport to lifelong learning. For the frst few years, students would ‘learn to learn’ and get endowed with reasoning skills that remain with them for the rest of their lives. For instance, physics allows you to observe and rationalise the world, but also to integrate observations into models and, sometimes, models into theories or laws that can be used to make predictions. Mathematics is the language used to formulate the laws of physics or economy, and to make rigorous computations that turn into predictions. These two disciplines naturally form the foundational pillars of education in technical universities.

F) Recent advances in computational methods and data science push us into rethinking science and engineering. Computers increasingly become principal actors in leveraging data to formulate questions, which requires radically new ways of reasoning. Therefore, a new discipline blending computer science, programming, statistics and machine learning should be added to the traditional foundational topics of mathematics and physics. These three pillars would allow you to keep learning complex technical subjects all your life because numeracy ( 计算 ) is the foundation upon which everything else is eventually built.

G) According to this new model, the Master of Science (MSc) would become the frst stamp in the lifelong learning journey. The MSc curriculum should prepare students for their professional career by allowing them to focus on acquiring practical skills through projects.

H) Those projects are then interwoven with fast-paced technical modules (模块) learned ‘on-the-fly’ and ‘at will’ depending on the nature of the project. If, for instance, your project is developing an integrated circuit, you will have to take a module on advanced concepts in microelectronics. The most critical skills will be developed before the project even starts, in the form of boot camps ( 短期强化训练 ), while the rest can be fostered along with the project, putting them to immediate use and thus providing a rich learning context.

I) In addition to technical capabilities, the very nature of projects develops social and entrepreneurial skills, such as design thinking, initiative taking, team leading, activity reporting or resource planning. Not only will those skills be actually integrated into the curriculum but they will be very important to have in the future because they are diffcult to automate.

J) After the MSc diploma is earned, there would be many more stamps of lifelong learning over the years. If universities decide to engage in this learning model, they will have to cope with many organisational challenges that might shake their unity of place and action. First, the number of students would be unpredictable. If all of a university’s alumni ( 往届毕业生 ) were to become students again, the student body would be much bigger than it is now, and it could become unsustainable for the campus in terms of both size and resources. Second, freshly graduated students would mix with professionally experienced ones. This would change the classroom dynamics, perhaps for the best. Project-based learning with a mixed team reflects the reality of the professional world and could therefore be a better preparation for it.

K) Sound like science fiction? In many countries, part-time studying is not exceptional: on average across OECD countries, part-time students in 2016 represented 20 per cent of enrolment in tertiary education. In many countries, this share is higher and can exceed 40 per cent in Australia, New Zealand and Sweden.

L) If lifelong learning were to become a priority and the new norm, diplomas, just like passports, could be revalidated periodically. A time-determined revalidation would ease administration for everybody. Universities as well as employers and employees would know when they have to retrain. For instance, graduates from the year 2000 would have to come back in 2005.

M) This could fx the main organisational challenges for the university, but not for the learners, due to lack of time, family obligations or funds. Here, online learning might be an option because it allows you to save your ‘travel time’, but it has its limits. So far, none of the major employers associated with online learning platforms such as Coursera and Udacity has committed to hire or even interview graduates of their new online programmes.

N) Even if time were not an issue, who will pay for lifelong learning? That’s the eternal debate: should it be the learner’s responsibility, that of his employer, or of the state? For example, in Massachusetts, the healthcare professions require continuing education credits, which are carefully evidenced and documented. Yet the same state’s lawyers don’t require continuing legal education, although most lawyers do participate in it informally. One explanation is that technology is less of a factor in law than it is in healthcare.

O) Europe has many scenarios, but the French and Swiss ones are interesting to compare. In France, every individual has a right to lifelong learning organised via a personal learning account that is credited as you work. In Switzerland, lifelong learning is a personal responsibility and not a government one. However, employers and the state encourage continuing education either by funding parts of it or by allowing employees to attend it.

P) Universities have a fundamental role to play in this journey, and higher education is in for a change. Just like classical theatre, the old university model produced talent and value for society. We are not advocating its abolition but rather calling for the adaptation of its characteristics to meet the needs of today.

请填入大写字母。

   1    Students should develop the key skills before they start a project.

   2    By acquiring reasoning skills in the frst few years of college, students can lay a foundation for lifelong learning.

   3    The easy access to learning and rapid technological changes have brought the traditional model of education under challenge.

   4    Unbelievable as it may seem, part-time students constitute a considerable portion of the student body in many universities across the world.

   5    Some social and managerial skills, which are not easily automated, will be of great importance to students’ future careers.

   6    A new model of college education should provide students with the knowledge and skills that will make them more inventive and capable of lifelong learning.

   7    A mixed student body may change the classroom dynamics and beneft learning.

   8    The question of who will bear the cost of lifelong learning is a topic of constant debate.

   9    To the traditional subjects of math and physics should be added a new discipline which combines computer science with statistics and other components.

   10    Students who are burdened with family duties might choose to take online courses.

Section B

答案 HEBKI CJNFM

36. 学生在开始项目前应该先学习关键技能。

解析 H。 由 key skills 和 start a project 可定位到 H 段第 3 句。 你需要在项目开始前， 就用短期强化训练的方式学会最重要的技能，而其余的技能可以在项目开发过程中学习，即学即用，从而创造丰富的学习条件。因此，学生在项目开始前就应该学会最重要的一部分技能。题干中的 key skills 对应The most critical skills， before they start a project 对应 before the project even starts，故 H 为正确答案。

37. 学生可以通过在大学前几年学会推理能力，从而为终身学习打下基础。

解析 E。 由 acquiring reasoning skills 和 first few years of college 可定位到 E 段第 2 句。 在最开始的几年里， 学生可以“学会学习”，并熟练掌握惠及一生的推理能力。“学会学习”指的就是推理能力。题干中的 lay a foundation of lifelong learning 对应原文的 remain with them for the rest of their lives，故 E 为正确答案。

38. 易于获取的学习机会和快速变化的技术变革， 都给传统的教育模式带来了挑战。

解析 B。 由 easy access to learning、 rapid technological changes 和 traditional model 可定位到 B 段第 4 句。 这一古典主义模型在传统上已经创立了各种名牌大学， 但现在却面临着社会数字化的挑战， 当今社会每个人都能够上网学习，而且人们需要学习技能以适应瞬息万变的社会。题干中的 easy access to learning 对应原文中的 allows everybody...access learning，rapid technological changes 是 the digitalisation of society 的同义替换，the traditional model of education 对应 This classical model，故 B 为正确答案。

39. 尽管很难令人相信， 全世界范围内有很多大学的在职学生占学生总数比例都很大。

解析 K。 由 part-time students、 a considerable portion 和 many universities across the world 可定位到 K 段。在职学习者和刚毕业的学生混合在一起学习， 听起来就像科幻小说一样不可思议。在许多国家，在职学习并不罕见，之后文章列举了一些国家在职学习项目占大学总入学人数的比例。题干中的 Unbelievable as it may seem 对应 K 段第 1 句内容， constitute a considerable portion 是对第 2 句中 20 per cent of enrolment 和第 3 句中 exceed 40 percent 的同义替换，in many universities 对应第 2 句的 tertiary education。故 K 为正确答案。

40. 一些社交技能和管理技能不太容易被自动化， 然而它们对学生的未来职业生涯起着关键作用。

解析 I。 由 social and managerial skills 和 automated 可定位到 I 段。 除技术能力外，项目的本质在于培养社交技能和创业技能，比如设计思维、主动学习、领导力、活动报告和资源分配等。这些技能不仅能与课程融合，而且还由于难以实现自动化，将在未来变得十分重要。题干中的Some social and managerial skills 对应 I 段第 1 句的 social and entrepreneurial skills， are not easily automated 对应 I 段第 2 句的 they are difficult to automate， 故 I 为正确答案。

41. 新的大学教育模式应该为学生提供知识和技能，从而使他们更具有创造力和终身学习的能力。

解析 C。 由 A new model of college education、 inventive 和 capable 可定位到 C 段前 3 句。 大学的模式需要进化。 大学必须使学生掌握在世界上具备竞争力的正确技能和知识， 之后详细阐述了大学模式应该进化的方向： 大学可以通过教授基础知识和与时俱进的技能， 来 为学生提供终身学习这一能够保证未来的技能， 而不只是让他们“准备好工作”。 题干中 的 A new model of college education 对应 C 段第 1 句， provide students with the knowledge and skills 对应 C 段第 2 句的 equip students with the right skills and knowledge 和第 3 句的 provide students with the future-proof skills and up-to-date skills，故 C 为正确答案。

42. 混合的学生群体可能会改变课堂的机制， 并对学习有益。

解析 J。 由 A mixed student body 和 classroom dynamics 可定位至 J 段第 5-7 句。 刚毕业的学生和已有职场经验的学生会混合在一起。 随后又详述了混合课堂的优点：这也许会带来的最大好处就是改变课堂活力。 与一个混合型团队共同进行基于项目的学习，能够反映现实生活中的专业情况， 因此也可以帮学生更好地为现实做准备。 题干中的 A mixed student body 对应 J 段第 5 句的 freshly graduated students would mix with professionally experienced ones 和第 7 句的 a mixed team， 故 J 为正确答案。

43. 人们为谁来承担终身学习费用这个问题争论不休。

解析 N。 由 bear the cost 和 constant debate 可定位到 N 段第 1-2 句。 即使时间不是问题，谁又来为终身学习买单呢？ 这一争论无休无止： 终身学习是学习者的责任、雇主的责任，还是国家的责任？ 所以，关于谁来为终身学习买单这个问题，人们争论不休。 题干中的 The question of who will bear the cost of lifelong learning 对应 N 段第 1 句的 who will pay for lifelong learning， a topic of constant debate 对应 N 段第 2 句的 the eternal debate。 故 N 为正确答案。

44. 在数学和物理学这两科传统科目中间， 应该增加一门新学科， 新学科应结合计算机科学、统计学和其他科目。

解析 F。 由 traditional subjects、 a new discipline、 computer science 和 statistics 可定位至 F 段 第 3 句。 需要建立一门新学科， 将计算机科学、编程、 统计学和机器学习结合起来，然后添加到数学和物理学的传统基础学科话题里。 题干中的 traditional subjects of math and physics 对应 F 段第 3 句的 traditional foundational topics of mathematics and physics，故 F 为正确答案。

45. 负担着家庭责任的学生可以选择上在线课程。

解析 M。 由 family duties 和 take online courses 可定位到 M 段第 1-2 句。 这样可以解决大学面临的组织性挑战， 但没法解决那些缺少时间、 要承担家庭责任或者资金短缺的学习者的问题。 之后文章提出了这类学习者问题的解决办法： 对他们来说，可能在线学习是一种选择， 因为在线学习可以节省“旅行时间”， 但它也有缺陷。 题干中的 Students who are burdened with family 对应 M 段第 1 句的 learners due to...family obligations， 故 M 为正确答案。

Section B

How Telemedicine Is Transforming Healthcare

A) After years of big promises, telemedicine is fnally living up to its potential. Driven by faster internet connections, ubiquitous ( 无处不在的 ) smartphones and changing insurance standards, more health providers are turning to electronic communications to do their jobs — and it’s dramatically changing the delivery of healthcare.

B) Doctors are linking up with patients by phone, email and webcam ( 网络摄像头 ). They’re also consulting with each other electronically — sometimes to make split-second decisions on heart attacks and strokes. Patients, meanwhile, are using new devices to relay their blood pressure, heart rate and other vital signs to their doctors so they can manage chronic conditions at home. Telemedicine also allows for better care in places where medical expertise is hard to come by. Five to 10 times a day, Doctors Without Borders relays questions about tough cases from its physicians in Niger, South Sudan and elsewhere to its network of 280 experts around the world, and back again via the internet.

C) As a measure of how rapidly telemedicine is spreading, consider: More than 15 million Americans received some kind of medical care remotely last year, according to the American Telemedicine Association, a trade group, which expects those numbers to grow by 30% this year.

D) None of this is to say that telemedicine has found its way into all corners of medicine. A recent survey of 500 tech-savvy ( 精通技术的 ) consumers found that 39% hadn’t heard of telemedicine, and of those who haven’ used it, 42% said they preferred in-person doctor visits. In a poll of 1,500 family physicians, only 15% had used it in their practices — but 90% said they would if it were appropriately reimbursed ( 补偿 ).

E) What’s more, for all the rapid growth, signifcant questions and challenges remain. Rules defning and regulating telemedicine differ widely from state to state. Physicians groups are issuing different guidelines about what care they consider appropriate to deliver and in what form.

F) Some critics also question whether the quality of care is keeping up with the rapid expansion of telemedicine. And there’s the question of what services physicians should be paid for: Insurance coverage varies from health plan to health plan, and a big federal plan covers only a narrow range of services. Telemedicine’s future will depend on how — and whether — regulators, providers, payers and patients can address these challenges. Here’s a closer look at some of these issues:

G) Do patients trade quality for convenience? The fastest-growing services in telemedicine connect consumers with clinicians they’ve never met for a phone, video or email visit — on-demand, 24/7. Typically, these are for nonemergency issues such as colds, flu, ear-aches and skin rashes, and they cost around ＄45, compared with approximately ＄100 at a doctor’s office, ＄160 at an urgent-care clinic or ＄750 and up at an emergency room.

H) Many health plans and employers have rushed to offer the services and promote them as a convenient way for plan members to get medical care without leaving home or work. Nearly three-quarters of large employers will offer virtual doctor visits as a beneft to employees this year, up from 48% last year. Web companies such as Teladoc and American Well are expected to host some 1.2 million such virtual doctor visits this year, up 20% from last year, according to the American Telemedicine Association.

I) But critics worry that such services may be sacrifcing quality for convenience. Consulting a random doctor patients will never meet, they say, further fragments the health-care system, and even minor issues such as upper respiratory ( 上呼吸道的 ) infections can’t be thoroughly evaluated by a doctor who can’t listen to your heart or feel your swollen glands. In a recent study, researchers posing as patients with skin problems sought help from 16 telemedicine sites— with unsettling results. In 62 encounters, fewer than one-third disclosed clinicians’ credential or let patients choose; only 32% discussed potential side effects of prescribed medications. Several sites misdiagnosed serious conditions, largely because they failed to ask basic follow-up questions, the researchers said. “Telemedicine holds enormous promise, but these sites are just not ready for prime time,” says Jack Resneck, the study’s lead author.

J) The American Telemedicine Association and other organizations have started accreditation ( 鉴定 ) programs to identify top-quality telemedicine sites. The American Medical Association this month approved new ethical guidelines for telemedicine, calling for participating doctors to recognize the limitations of such services and ensure that they have suffcient information to make clinical recommendations.

K) Who pays for the services? While employers and health plans have been eager to cover virtual urgent-care visits, insurers have been far less willing to pay for telemedicine when doctors use phone, email or video to consult with existing patients about continuing issues. “It’s very hard to get paid unless you physically see the patient,” says Peter Rasmussen, medical director of distance health at the Cleveland Clinic. Some 32 states have passed “parity” ( 等同的 ) laws requiring private insurers to reimburse doctors for services delivered remotely if the same service would be covered in person, though not necessarily at the same rate or frequency. Medicare lags further behind. The federal health plan for the elderly covers a small number of telemedicine services — only for benefciaries in rural areas and only when the services are received in a hospital, doctor’s offce or clinic.

L) Bills to expand Medicare coverage of telemedicine have bipartisan ( 两党的 ) support in Congress. Opponents worry that such expansion would be costly for taxpayers, but advocates say it would save money in the long run.

M) Experts say more hospitals are likely to invest in telemedicine systems as they move away from fee-for-service payments and into managed-care-type contracts that give them a set fee to provide care for patients and allow them to keep any savings they achieve.

N) Is the state-by-state regulatory system outdated? Historically, regulation of medicine has been left to individual states. But some industry members contend that having 50 different sets of rules, licensing fees and even defnitions of “medical practice” makes less sense in the era of telemedicine and is hampering its growth. Currently, doctors must have a valid license in the state where the patient is located to provide medical care, which means virtual-visit companies can match users only with locally licensed clinicians. It also causes administrative hassles ( 麻 烦 ) for world-class medical centers that attract patients from across the country. At the Mayo Clinic, doctors who treat outof-state patients can follow up with them via phone, email or web chats when they return home, but they can only discuss the conditions they treated in person. “If the patient wants to talk about a new problem, the doctor has to be licensed in that state to discuss it. If not, the patient should talk to his primary-care physician about it,” says Steve Ommen, who runs Mayors Connected Care program.

O) To date, 17 states have joined a compact that will allow a doctor licensed in one member state to quickly obtain a license in another. While welcoming the move, some telemedicine advocates would prefer states to automatically honor one another’s licenses, as they do with drivers’ licenses. But states aren’t likely to surrender control of medical practice, and most are considering new regulations. This year, more than 200 telemedicine-related bills have been introduced in 42 states, many regarding what services Medicaid will cover and whether payers should reimburse for remote patient monitoring. “A lot of states are still trying to defne telemedicine,” says Lisa Robbin, chief advocacy offcer for the Federation of State Medical Boards.

请填入大写字母。

   1    An overwhelming majority of family physicians are willing to use telemedicine if they are duly paid.

   2    Many employers are eager to provide telemedicine service as a beneft to their employees because of its convenience.

   3    Different states have markedly different regulations for telemedicine.

   4    With telemedicine, patients in regions short of professional medical service are able to receive better medical care.

   5    Unlike employers and health plans, insurers have been rather reluctant to pay for some telemedicine services.

   6    Some supporters of telemedicine hope states will accept each other’s medical practice licenses as valid.

   7    The fastest growing area for telemedicine services is for lesser health problems.

   8    As telemedicine spreads quickly, some of its opponents doubt whether its service quality can be guaranteed.

   9    The results obtained by researchers who pretended to be patients seeking help from telemedicine providers are disturbing.

   10    Some people argue that the fact that different states have different regulations concerning medical services hinders the development of telemedicine.

Section B

答案 DHEBK OGFIN

36. 绝大多数的家庭医生表示，如果报酬得当，他们愿意使用远程医疗。

解析 D。 由 overwhelming majority 和 duly paid 可定位至 D 段的最后一句。 家庭医生中只 有 15% 使用过远程医疗， 但是 90% 的医生表示如果能得到适当的报酬，他们愿意采用远 程医疗这一方式。 题干中的 overwhelming majority 对应 90%， duly paid 对应 appropriately reimbursed。 故 D 为正确答案。

37. 由于远程医疗的便捷性，许多雇主都渴望提供这种服务作为一项员工福利。

解析 H。 由 employers、 benefit、 employees 和 convenience 可定位至 H 段。 本段主要讲许多 医疗计划和雇主竞相提供这种服务， 并将其作为一种便捷的方式加以推广， 因为这种医疗服 务在用户不出家门或离开工作岗位的情况下就能获得。 接着说将近四分之三的雇主将会提供 这种服务作为员工福利。 故 H 为正确答案。

38. 不同的州对远程医疗的规定差别很大。

解析 E。 由 different states、 markedly different regulations 可定位至 E 段第 2 句。 远程医疗的 规则和管理在各州之间差异很大。 题干中的 different states 对应 from state to state， markedly different 对应 differ widely， 故 E 为正确答案。

39. 在缺乏专业医疗服务的地区，患者能够通过远程医疗得到更好的服务。

解析 B。 由 regions short of professional medical service 和 better medical care 可定位至 B 段第 4 句。在难以获得专业医疗知识的地方， 远程医疗还可以提供更好的护理。题干中的 regions 是原文 places 的同义替换，short of professional medical service 对应 medical expertise is hard to come by， 故 B 为正确答案。

40. 不同于企业雇主和医疗计划，保险公司不太愿意为一些远程医疗服务买单。

解析 K。 由 employers、 health plans、 insurers 和 reluctant to pay for 可定位至 K 段第 2 句。 雇主和医疗计划一直渴望为虚拟紧急护理买单， 但医生使用电话、 邮件等对患者问诊时， 保 险公司就不太愿意为远程医疗买单了。 题干中的 reluctant to pay for 对应 far less willing to pay for， 都是在说保险公司不愿意为远程医疗服务付费， 故 K 为正确答案。

41. 一些远程医疗的支持者希望各州能接受彼此的医疗执照， 并认可其有效性。

解析 O。 由 supporters、 states、 accept 和 medical practice licenses 可以定位至 O 段第 2 句。 远程医疗的支持者对这一举措表示欢迎， 但他们更希望各州能像认可驾照那样自动认可彼 此的医师执照。 题干中的 supporters 是 advocates 的同义替换， accept each other’s medical practice licenses as valid 对应 automatically honor one another’s licenses。 故 O 为正确答案。

42. 远程医疗服务发展最快的领域是在较轻的健康问题方面。

解析 G。 由 the fastest growing 和 lesser health problems 可定位至 G 段第 2-3 句。 远程医疗 中发展最快的是通过电话、 网络等手段向医生咨询的服务， 这些服务主要适用于非紧急的健 康问题。 fastest growing 原词复现， 题干中的 lesser health problem 对应 nonemergency issues， 故 G 为正确答案。

43. 随着远程医疗的迅速发展， 一些反对者质疑其服务质量能否得到保证。

解析 F。 由 spreads quickly、 opponents、 doubt 和 service quality 可定位至 F 段第 1 句。 批 评人士质疑远程医疗服务的质量是否能跟上其发展速度。 题干中的 spreads quickly 是 rapid expansion 的同义替换， opponents 对应 critics， doubt 是 question 的同义替换， 故 F 为正确答案。

44. 研究人员装成病人向远程医疗服务提供方寻求帮助， 得到的结果令人不安。

解析 I。 由 the results、 researchers、 pretend to be patients、 seeking help 和 disturbing 可定位 至 I 段第 3 句。 在一项研究中， 研究人员冒充病人向远程医疗网站求助， 但是结果令人担 忧。 题干中的 pretend to be patients 对应 posing as patients， disturbing 是 unsettling 的同义替 换， 故 I 为正确答案。

45. 有些人认为， 不同的州对医疗服务有不同的规定这一事实阻碍了远程医疗的发展。

解析 N。 由 different states、 different regulations、 hinders 和 development 可定位至 N 段 第 3 句。 在远程医疗时代， 50 个州各有不同的规则、 许可证费用等没有太大意义， 还会阻 碍远程医疗的发展，也就是说，不同的州有不同的规定会阻碍远程医疗的发展。题干中的 different regulations 对应 50 different sets of rules, licensing fees and even definitions of“medical practice”， hinders the development of telmedicine 对应 is hampering its growth， 故 N 为正确答案。