Desert Formation

A) The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth’s land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth’s land surface is threatened by this process.

B) Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.

C) Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil’s ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.

D) In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.

E) There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.

F) Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: over-cultivation, over-grazing, firewood gathering, and over-irrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.

G) The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.

H) The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over-irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil. The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.

I) In geography, an oasis is an isolated area of vegetation in a desert, typically surrounding a spring or similar water source. Oases also provide habitat for animals and even humans if the area is big enough. The location of oases has been of critical importance for trade and transportation routes in desert areas. Caravans must travel via oases so that supplies of water and food can be replenished. Thus, political or military control of an oasis has in many cases meant control of trade on a particular route. For example, the oases of Awjila, Ghadames and Kufra, situated in modern-day Libya, have at various times been vital to both North-South and East-West trade in the Sahara. Oases are formed from underground rivers or aquifers such as an artesian aquifer, where water can reach the surface naturally by pressure or by man-made wells. Occasional brief thunderstorms provide subterranean water to sustain natural oases, such as the Tuat. Substrata of impermeable rock and stone can trap water and retain it in pockets, or on long faulting subsurface ridges or volcanic dikes water can collect and percolate to the surface. Any incidence of water is then used by migrating birds who also pass seeds with their droppings which will grow at the water’s edge forming an oasis.

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   1    Recently, the deserts which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth’s land surface have been increasing at a surprising speed.

   2   An oasis is an isolated area of vegetation in a desert, typically surrounding a spring or similar water source.

   3   The main causes of desertification are the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water.

   4    If people irrigates too much in a specific region, the water more than needed would sink down into the water table.

   5   According to the theory, if water absorption is greatly reduced there would be an accelerated erosion rates.

   6   Within the semiarid lands, the grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.

   7   In some regions, a trend toward drier climatic conditions is mainly a reason for the increase of the desert.

   8    Over-cultivation, over-grazing, firewood gathering, and over-irrigation are the four specific factors causing the desertification processes.

   9   Most of the desertification is caused by human activities rather than natural processes, which is known to the world.

   10    Crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. 

36. A）同义替换题。由题干中的the deserts，already occupy approximately，the Earth’s land surface，increasing at a surprising speed定位到A段第一句：The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth’s land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. 都表达了“沙漠的面积正在以惊人的速度增长”的含义，其中a surprising speed和an alarming pace属于同义替换。

37. I）原文匹配题。由题干中的oasis，an isolated area，vegetation，surrounding a spring or similar water source定位到I段第一句“In geography, an oasis is an isolated area of vegetation in a desert, typically surrounding a spring or similar water source. 都表达了“绿洲是沙漠中孤立的植被区域，通常围绕着水源”的含义。

38. B）句式转换题。由题干中的desertification，the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation，the subsequent accelerated erosion定位到B段第一句：Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. 都表达了“沙漠化主要是因为稳定的自然植被丧失和风和水加速侵蚀土壤”的含义。

39. H）同义替换题。由题干中的irrigates，the water more than needed，sink down into the water table定位到H段第二句：Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table.都表达了“灌溉过多，多余的水就会渗入地下水位”的含义，其中water more than needed和excess water属于同义替换。

40. C）原文匹配题。由题干中的water absorption，reduced，an accelerated erosion rates定位到C段第三句：Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates.都表达了“吸水率大大降低，侵蚀率就会加快”的含义。

41. G）原文匹配题。由题干中的semiarid lands，grasses，the dominant type of natural vegetation，定位到G段第一句：The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.都表达了“在半干旱地区，草类通常是主要的自然植被”的含义。

42. D）原文匹配题。由题干中的a trend toward drier climatic conditions，the increase of the desert，定位到D段第一句“In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions.都表达了“在一些地区，沙漠面积的增加主要是由于气候趋于干燥”的含义。

43. F）原文匹配题。由题干中的over-cultivation，over-grazing，firewood gathering，and over-irrigation定位到F段第一句：Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: over-cultivation, over-grazing, firewood gathering, and over-irrigation.都表达了“过度耕作、过度放牧、乱砍滥发和过度灌溉导致了沙漠化”的含义。

44. E）原文匹配题。由题干中的desertification，human activities，natural processes定位到E段第一句：There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. 都表达了“大多数荒漠化是由人类活动造成的，而不是自然过程”的含义。

45. F）原文匹配题。由题干中的Crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. 定位到F段最后一句：Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. 都表达了“作物歉收会使大片土地失去植被，容易受到风蚀和水蚀”的含义。