高中 | 盐类水解常数 题目答案及解析

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高中 | 盐类水解常数题目答案及解析如下,仅供参考!

选修四

第三章 水溶液中的离子平衡

第三节 盐类的水解

盐类水解常数

常温下,向$\text{N}{{\text{H}}_{4}}\text{F}$溶液中滴加$\rm NaOH$溶液,混合溶液中$\text{lg}X\rm (X$表示$\dfrac{c\left( {{\text{F}}^{-}} \right)}{c(\text{HF})}$$\dfrac{c\left( \text{NH}_{4}^{+} \right)}{c\left( \text{N}{{\text{H}}_{3}}\cdot {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)}\rm )$$\rm pH$变化如图,已知${{K}_{\text{a}}}(\text{HF})={{10}^{-4.5}}$,Ⅰ线和Ⅱ线交点横坐标为$\rm 6.6$,下列说法错误的是$(\quad\ \ \ \ )$

["

Ⅰ线代表$\\lg \\dfrac{c\\left( {{\\text{F}}^{-}} \\right)}{c(\\text{HF})}$

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Ⅱ线和横轴交点坐标为$\\left( 8.7,0 \\right)$

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$\\text{N}{{\\text{H}}_{4}}\\text{F}$溶液加水稀释过程中$\\rm pH$值逐渐减小

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$\\text{N}{{\\text{H}}_{4}}\\text{F}$溶液中存在:$c\\left( \\text{NH}_{4}^{+} \\right)+c\\left( \\text{O}{{\\text{H}}^{-}} \\right)+2c\\left( \\text{N}{{\\text{H}}_{3}}\\cdot {{\\text{H}}_{2}}\\text{O} \\right)=c\\left( {{\\text{H}}^{+}} \\right)+c\\left( {{\\text{F}}^{-}} \\right)+2c(\\text{HF})$

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[["C"]]

分析:向$\text{N}{{\text{H}}_{4}}\text{F}$溶液中滴加$\rm NaOH$溶液,随着$\rm PH$增大,$c\left( {{\text{F}}^{-}} \right)$增大$c\left( \text{H}{{\text{F}}^{{}}} \right)$减小,$\text{lg}\dfrac{c\left( {{\text{F}}^{-}} \right)}{c(\text{HF})}$增大, $c\left( \text{NH}_{4}^{+} \right)$减小$c\left( \text{N}{{\text{H}}_{3}}\cdot {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)$增大,$\text{lg}\dfrac{c\left( \text{NH}_{4}^{+} \right)}{c\left( \text{N}{{\text{H}}_{3}}\cdot {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)}$减小。

$\rm A$.Ⅰ线代表$\lg \dfrac{c\left( {{\text{F}}^{-}} \right)}{c(\text{HF})}$$\rm A$正确;

$\rm B$.Ⅰ线和Ⅱ线交点横坐标为$\rm 6.6$可得$\dfrac{c\left( {{\text{F}}^{-}} \right)}{c\text{(HF)}}=\dfrac{{{\text{K}}_{\text{a}}}}{c\text{(}{{\text{H}}^{+}}\text{)}}=\dfrac{{{K}_{\text{b}}}}{c\text{(O}{{\text{H}}^{-}}\text{)}}=\dfrac{c\left( \text{NH}_{4}^{+} \right)}{c\left( \text{N}{{\text{H}}_{3}}\cdot {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)}\Rightarrow \dfrac{\text{1}{{\text{0}}^{\text{-4}\text{.5}}}}{\text{1}{{\text{0}}^{\text{-6}\text{.6}}}}=\dfrac{{{K}_{\text{b}}}}{\text{1}{{\text{0}}^{\text{6}\text{.6}}}^{-14}}\Rightarrow {{K}_{\text{b}}}={{10}^{-5.3}}$,横轴交点说明$\dfrac{c\left( \text{NH}_{4}^{+} \right)}{c\left( \text{N}{{\text{H}}_{3}}\cdot {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)}\rm =1$$\dfrac{{{K}_{\text{b}}}}{c\text{(O}{{\text{H}}^{-}}\text{)}}=\dfrac{c\left( \text{NH}_{4}^{+} \right)}{c\left( \text{N}{{\text{H}}_{3}}\cdot {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)}\Rightarrow c\text{(O}{{\text{H}}^{-}}\text{)}={{10}^{-5.3}}$$\text{pH}=8.7$$\rm B$正确;

$\rm C$${{K}_{\text{a}}}(\text{HF})={{10}^{-4.5}}$$\rm F^{-}$的水解平衡常数${{K}_{\text{h}}}=\dfrac{{{K}_{\text{w}}}}{{{K}_{\text{a}}}}=\dfrac{{{10}^{-14}}}{{{10}^{-4.5}}}={{10}^{-9.5}}$$\text{NH}_{\text{4}}^{+}$的水解平衡常数${{K}_{\text{h}}}=\dfrac{{{K}_{\text{w}}}}{{{K}_{\text{a}}}}=\dfrac{{{10}^{-14}}}{{{10}^{-5.3}}}={{10}^{-8.7}}$$\text{N}{{\text{H}}_{4}}\text{F}$溶液显酸性,加水稀释过程中水解程度增大,但氢离子浓度减小,$\rm pH$值逐渐增大,$\rm C$错误;

$\rm D$$\text{N}{{\text{H}}_{4}}\text{F}$溶液中存在:电荷平衡$c\left( \text{NH}_{4}^{+} \right)+c\left( {{\text{H}}^{+}} \right)=c\left( {{\text{F}}^{-}} \right)+c\left( \text{O}{{\text{H}}^{-}} \right)$,物料守恒

$c\left( \text{NH}_{4}^{+} \right)+c\left( \text{N}{{\text{H}}_{3}}\cdot {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)=c\left( {{\text{F}}^{-}} \right)+c(\text{HF})$,两式相减得$c\left( \text{O}{{\text{H}}^{-}} \right)+c\left( \text{N}{{\text{H}}_{3}}\cdot {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)=c\left( {{\text{H}}^{+}} \right)+c(\text{HF})$,与$c\left( \text{NH}_{4}^{+} \right)+c\left( \text{N}{{\text{H}}_{3}}\cdot {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)=c\left( {{\text{F}}^{-}} \right)+c(\text{HF})$相加得$c\left( \text{NH}_{4}^{+} \right)+c\left( \text{O}{{\text{H}}^{-}} \right)+2c\left( \text{N}{{\text{H}}_{3}}\cdot {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)=c\left( {{\text{H}}^{+}} \right)+c\left( {{\text{F}}^{-}} \right)+2c(\text{HF})$$\rm D$正确;

故选:$\rm C$

高中 | 盐类水解常数题目答案及解析(完整版)

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